基礎 · Unit 17
現在完成式 (基本概念與形態)
現在完成式的形態是 have / has + 過去分詞(p.p.)，是把過去發生的事和現在連結起來表達的時態。過去式說的是特定過去時間點(yesterday)的事，現在完成式的焦點則放在那件事和現在有什麼關聯。
概念說明
現在完成式的形態是 have / has + 過去分詞(p.p.)，是把過去發生的事和現在連結起來表達的時態。過去式說的是特定過去時間點(yesterday)的事，現在完成式的焦點則放在那件事和現在有什麼關聯。
A. 形態 — have / has + 過去分詞
現在完成式是在配合主詞的 have 或 has 後面，加上動詞的過去分詞(p.p.) 造出來的。公式只有 have / has + 過去分詞 一個，只有第三人稱單數(he / she / it) 後面用 has，其餘用 have。
| 主詞 | 助動詞 + p.p. | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| I | have + p.p. | I have finished. |
| you | have + p.p. | You have finished. |
| he / she / it | has + p.p. | She has finished. |
| we | have + p.p. | We have finished. |
| they | have + p.p. | They have finished. |
- I have worked here for two years. (我在這裡工作兩年了。)
- Anna has read that book. (Anna 讀過那本書。)
- We have seen this movie before. (我們以前看過這部電影。)
B. 過去分詞的變化 — 規則動詞與不規則動詞
規則動詞的過去分詞是在原形後面加 -ed，形態和過去式相同；不規則動詞則必須把原形、過去式、過去分詞三種形態分開記。口語中常用的不規則動詞，整組背起來最有效率。
| 類型 | 原形 | 過去式 | 過去分詞 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 規則 (-ed) | work | worked | worked |
| 規則 (-ed) | live | lived | lived |
| 規則 (-ed) | study | studied | studied |
| 不規則 | go | went | gone |
| 不規則 | see | saw | seen |
| 不規則 | eat | ate | eaten |
| 不規則 | do | did | done |
| 不規則 | have | had | had |
| 不規則 | write | wrote | written |
| 不規則 | be | was/were | been |
- I have studied English for six years. (我學英文六年了。)
- She has gone to the store. (她去商店了。)
- We have eaten lunch already. (我們已經吃過午餐了。)
- He has written three books. (他寫了三本書。)
C. 和過去式的差別 — 特定時間點 vs 與現在連結
過去式說的是 yesterday、last week 這種明確過去時間點的事，現在完成式的焦點則放在那件事和現在有什麼關聯。所以原則上現在完成式不會搭配 yesterday 這類特定過去時間點的說法。
| 時態 | 焦點 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 過去式 | 在特定過去時間點結束的事 | I saw Anna yesterday. |
| 現在完成式: 經驗 | 到目前為止的人生經驗 | I have seen that movie. |
| 現在完成式: 完成 | 剛剛、已經結束並影響現在 | She has just arrived. |
| 現在完成式: 持續 | 從過去一直延續到現在 | We have lived here for 10 years. |
- I went to Paris in 2020. (我在 2020 年去了巴黎。)
- I have been to Paris twice. (我去過巴黎兩次。)
- She finished the report an hour ago. (她在一小時前完成了報告。)
- She has just finished the report. (她剛剛完成了報告。)
重點整理
- 1現在完成式的形態是 have / has + 過去分詞(p.p.)，只有第三人稱單數主詞才用 has，這是形態上的重點。(例: She has lived / We have lived)
- 2現在完成式表示的是「和現在有連結的過去」，所以不會和 yesterday、last week 這類特定過去時間點的說法一起用，請記住這條規則。(例: I saw him yesterday. — I have seen him yesterday. 是錯的)
- 3不規則動詞的過去分詞(gone, seen, eaten, done, been, written)要把原形、過去式、過去分詞三種形態一起記，才不會搞混，這是學習的重點。
- 4現在完成式大致分成經驗(曾經~過)、完成(剛剛、已經結束)、持續(一直~到現在)三種意思，先掌握這個大方向，後面的細部單元就會變得簡單。
- 5中文的「~過」、「一直~」、「已經~了」都可以用現在完成式來表達，知道這一點，選擇時態就會輕鬆許多。
例句
I have visited Japan three times.
我去過日本三次。
She has lived in Seoul for ten years.
她在首爾住了十年了。
We have known each other since childhood.
我們從小就認識彼此。
He has worked at this company for five years.
他在這家公司工作五年了。
They have studied English for a long time.
他們學英文已經學了很久。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
She has lived here for 5 years.
I have seen that movie.
He has gone to school.
I visited Tokyo yesterday.
We have finished dinner.