基礎 · Unit 18
現在完成式 (完成、經驗、持續、結果)
現在完成式(have / has + 過去分詞)會依情境分為完成、經驗、持續、結果四種意思，而搭配使用的關鍵字決定了是哪一種。用的是哪個意思由句中的時間表達決定，所以把關鍵字整組記起來在實戰中最快。
概念說明
現在完成式(have / has + 過去分詞)會依情境分為完成、經驗、持續、結果四種意思，而搭配使用的關鍵字決定了是哪一種。用的是哪個意思由句中的時間表達決定，所以把關鍵字整組記起來在實戰中最快。
A. 完成 — just / already / yet
要表達剛剛做完，或是已經、還沒的語氣時，就在現在完成式加上 just、already、yet。just / already / yet 是完成意思的代表關鍵字，just 和 already 用在肯定句，yet 用在否定句與疑問句。
| 關鍵字 | 位置 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| just | have/has 後面 | 剛剛才 | I have just arrived. |
| already | have/has 後面 | 已經 | She has already left. |
| yet (否定) | 句尾 | 還沒 (尚未) | I haven't finished yet. |
| yet (疑問) | 句尾 | 已經、現在 | Have you eaten yet? |
- The train has just left the station. (火車剛剛離開車站。)
- We have already seen this movie. (我們已經看過這部電影了。)
- He hasn't called me yet. (他還沒打電話給我。)
- Have they arrived yet? (他們已經到了嗎？)
B. 經驗 — ever / never / before
要問到目前為止有沒有做過某件事、也就是詢問經驗時，就在現在完成式加上 ever、never、before 這類關鍵字。ever 主要用在疑問句，never 表示一次也沒有的經驗，before 放在句尾表示「以前做過~」。
| 關鍵字 | 用法 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| ever | 疑問句 (到目前為止有沒有一次) | Have you ever been to Japan? |
| never | 否定 (一次也沒有) | I have never tried sushi. |
| before | 句尾 (以前做過~) | I have seen this movie before. |
| 次數 (once, twice, ~ times) | 句尾 | She has visited Paris three times. |
- Have you ever eaten Korean food? (你吃過韓國菜嗎？)
- I have never driven a truck. (我從來沒有開過卡車。)
- We have met her before. (我們以前見過她。)
- He has flown to New York twice. (他搭飛機去過紐約兩次。)
C. 持續 — for / since
從過去某個時間點開始、一直持續到現在的狀態或動作要用現在完成式表達，持續多久用 for，從什麼時候開始用 since。用 How long ~? 來問的時候就是持續的意思。
| 用法 | 後面接什麼 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| for | 期間 (five years, two hours) | I have worked here for five years. |
| since | 時間點 (2020, Monday, yesterday) | I have worked here since 2020. |
| How long ~? | 詢問期間的問句 | How long have you lived here? |
- She has studied Korean for two years. (她學韓語已經學了兩年。)
- We have known each other since childhood. (我們從小就認識彼此。)
- They have been friends for a long time. (他們當朋友已經很久了。)
- How long have you worked at this company? (你在這家公司工作多久了？)
D. 結果 — gone vs been
現在完成式用在結果的意思時，重點在於過去的事對現在的狀態留下了什麼影響，必須分清楚 has gone 和 has been 的差別。gone 是「去了還沒回來」，been 是「去過而且已經回來了(經驗)」。
| 用法 | 意思 | 情境 |
|---|---|---|
| has gone to ~ | 去了~，(現在) 不在 | 現在不在這裡 |
| has been to ~ | 去過~ | 現在已經回來了 |
- Anna has gone to the store. (安娜去商店了。現在不在。)
- Anna has been to the store. (安娜去過商店了。現在人在這裡。)
- He has gone to Paris on business. (他出差去了巴黎，現在人在那裡。)
- He has been to Paris three times. (他去過巴黎三次。)
重點整理
- 1現在完成式的四種意思(完成、經驗、持續、結果)靠搭配哪個關鍵字來區分，請先抓住這個大方向。(例: just / ever / for / gone)
- 2just 和 already 放在 have 與過去分詞之間，yet 放在句尾，用於否定句與疑問句，這個位置規則很重要。(例: I have already finished. / Have you finished yet?)
- 3for 後面接期間，since 後面接時間點，請把這一組記清楚不要搞混。(例: for five years / since 2020)
- 4has gone to ~ 是「去了現在不在這裡」，has been to ~ 是「去過了(經驗)」，兩者意思完全不同，請確實分清楚這組對比。
- 5問經驗時用 Have you ever ~?，一次也沒有的經驗用 have never，把它們當成慣用語整組記起來，實戰時就能馬上說出口，這個口說訣竅很好用。
例句
I have just finished my homework.
我剛剛寫完功課。
She has already left the office.
她已經離開辦公室了。
The train has just arrived at the platform.
火車剛剛抵達月台。
I haven't called my mom yet.
我還沒打電話給媽媽。
Have you ever tried Korean barbecue?
你吃過韓式烤肉嗎？
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
I have already finished it.
She has lived here for ten years.
We have known him since 2019.
He has gone to the bank, so he's not here now.
Have you ever been to Paris?