Lanjutan · Unit 75
Subjungtif lampau sempurna
Subjungtif lampau sempurna berbentuk 'If + subjek + had + partisip lampau, subjek + would/could/might + have + partisip lampau' dan digunakan untuk membayangkan keadaan yang bertentangan dengan hakikat lampau yang sudah…
Penerangan
Subjungtif lampau sempurna berbentuk 'If + subjek + had + partisip lampau, subjek + would/could/might + have + partisip lampau' dan digunakan untuk membayangkan keadaan yang bertentangan dengan hakikat lampau yang sudah pun berlalu.
A. Bentuk — If + had p.p., would/could + have p.p.
Subjungtif lampau sempurna memasangkan had + partisip lampau (bentuk lampau sempurna) dalam klausa if dengan would/could/might + have + partisip lampau dalam klausa utama. Hafalkan formula If + had + partisip, would have + partisip sebagai satu kesatuan.
| Struktur | Nada makna | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| If + had p.p., would have p.p. | tentu begitulah jadinya | If I had known, I would have called. |
| If + had p.p., could have p.p. | tentu boleh melakukannya | If she had tried, she could have won. |
| If + had p.p., might have p.p. | mungkin begitulah jadinya | If we had left earlier, we might have caught it. |
- If I had woken up earlier, I wouldn't have been late. (Jika saya telah bangun lebih awal ketika itu, saya tentu tidak terlewat.)
- If they had invited us, we would have come. (Jika mereka telah menjemput kami dahulu, kami tentu telah datang.)
- If she had studied medicine, she could have become a doctor. (Jika dia telah belajar perubatan dahulu, dia tentu telah dapat menjadi doktor.)
- If I had taken the bus, I might have arrived on time. (Jika saya telah menaiki bas ketika itu, mungkin saya telah tiba tepat pada masanya.)
B. Makna — bertentangan dengan hakikat lampau
Subjungtif lampau sempurna membalikkan perkara yang sudah pun berlaku, jadi di sebalik ayat itu sentiasa tersembunyi maksud '(hakikatnya perkara itu tidak berlaku)'. Ia kerap dipakai untuk menyampaikan sesalan, rasa kecewa, rasa lega dan teguran.
| Nada makna | Contoh | Maksud tersirat |
|---|---|---|
| Sesalan | If I had studied more, I would have passed. | Tidak belajar, lalu gagal |
| Kecewa | If we had left earlier, we would have caught the flight. | Bertolak lewat, lalu terlepas |
| Lega | If I hadn't worn a helmet, I would have been hurt. | Memakainya, jadi tidak cedera |
| Teguran | If you had told me, I would have helped. | Tidak diberitahu, jadi tidak dapat membantu |
- If I hadn't slept in, I would have caught the bus. (Jika saya tidak terlajak tidur ketika itu, saya tentu telah sempat menaiki bas.)
- If he had apologized, she would have forgiven him. (Jika dia telah meminta maaf dahulu, wanita itu tentu telah memaafkannya.)
- If I had brought an umbrella, I wouldn't have gotten wet. (Jika saya telah membawa payung ketika itu, saya tentu tidak basah.)
- If she had told me the truth, I wouldn't have been upset. (Jika dia telah memberitahu saya perkara sebenar dahulu, saya tentu tidak marah.)
C. Garis masa — hakikat berbanding bayangan
Subjungtif lampau sempurna berdiri pada 'suatu saat dalam masa lampau' di atas garis masa dan membalikkan pilihan yang dibuat pada saat itu, jadi nada maknanya akan hidup apabila anda menguasai lawanan antara perkara yang benar-benar berlaku dengan perkara yang hanya dibayangkan.
| Hakikat (perkara sebenar) | Bayangan (sebaliknya) |
|---|---|
| I didn't study. → I failed. | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
| She left late. → She missed the train. | If she had left early, she wouldn't have missed it. |
| We didn't know. → We didn't help. | If we had known, we would have helped. |
| He didn't apologize. → She stayed angry. | If he had apologized, she would have forgiven him. |
- If I had taken the job, I would have moved to New York. (Jika saya telah menerima kerja itu dahulu, saya tentu telah berpindah ke New York.)
- If she hadn't forgotten her passport, she would have boarded the plane. (Jika dia tidak terlupa pasportnya ketika itu, dia tentu telah menaiki kapal terbang.)
- If we had checked the weather, we wouldn't have gone hiking. (Jika kami telah menyemak cuaca dahulu, kami tentu tidak pergi mendaki.)
- If he had saved, he could have bought a car. (Jika dia telah menyimpan wang dahulu, dia tentu telah dapat membeli kereta.)
Perkara penting
- 1Yang penting: subjungtif lampau sempurna membalikkan hakikat lampau yang sudah pun berlalu, jadi maksud bahawa perkara itu sebenarnya tidak dilakukan sentiasa tersembunyi di sebaliknya. (Contoh: If I had studied, ... → hakikatnya tidak belajar)
- 2Inti bentuknya ialah struktur berganda: had + partisip lampau dalam klausa if, dan would/could/might + have + partisip lampau dalam klausa utama. (Contoh: If I had known, I would have called.)
- 3Kesilapan yang paling kerap berlaku ialah memakai would have atau will have dalam klausa if subjungtif lampau sempurna — di situ hanya had + partisip lampau yang dibenarkan. (Contoh: If I had known, ...)
- 4Kekalkan bentuk ini: would, could dan might dalam klausa utama hanya berbeza nada makna, dan selepasnya mesti datang have + partisip lampau. (Contoh: I would have gone / could have gone)
- 5Dalam perbualan, would have dan could have lazimnya disebut secara kontraksi sebagai would've dan could've. (Contoh: I would've gone. / He could've helped.)
Contoh
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
Jika saya telah belajar dengan lebih tekun dahulu, saya tentu telah lulus peperiksaan itu.
If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train.
Jika dia telah bertolak lebih awal ketika itu, dia tentu telah sempat menaiki kereta api.
If we had known, we would have helped you.
Jika kami tahu ketika itu, kami tentu telah membantu anda.
If he had listened to me, he wouldn't have made that mistake.
Jika dia telah mendengar kata saya dahulu, dia tentu tidak melakukan kesilapan itu.
If I had saved money, I could have bought the house.
Jika saya telah menyimpan wang dahulu, saya tentu telah dapat membeli rumah itu.
Unit ini mempunyai lebih banyak contoh. Daftar untuk melihat dan mendengar kesemuanya.
Kesilapan lazim
If I had known, I would have told you.
If she had left earlier, she wouldn't have missed the train.
If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
If he had listened to me, he wouldn't have failed.
If we had known, we would have come.
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