Kata kerja bantu - tekaan lampau (must / may / might / could + have p.p.)
Tekaan dan agakan tentang perkara lampau dinyatakan dengan bentuk 'kata kerja bantu + have + partisip lampau', dan darjah keyakinan berubah mengikut jenis kata kerja bantu yang dipilih.
Penerangan
Tekaan dan agakan tentang perkara lampau dinyatakan dengan bentuk 'kata kerja bantu + have + partisip lampau', dan darjah keyakinan berubah mengikut jenis kata kerja bantu yang dipilih. kata kerja bantu + have + partisip = tekaan lampau.
A. must have p.p. — tekaan yakin (pasti telah begitu)
Apabila anda membuat tekaan yang kuat tentang perkara lampau berdasarkan bukti yang ada sekarang, must have + partisip lampau digunakan. Ia dipakai apabila penutur yakin melebihi 90 peratus, manakala tekaan nafi yang kuat iaitu 'mustahil begitu' memakai can't have dan bukan mustn't have.
| Keadaan | Ayat | Taakulan penutur |
|---|---|---|
| Tingkap basah | It must have rained. | Pasti hujan telah turun |
| Dia tersenyum | He must have heard good news. | Tentu telah mendengar berita baik |
| Dia tidak datang | She must have been sick. | Pasti dia sakit ketika itu |
- The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. (Tanahnya basah. Pasti hujan telah turun malam tadi.)
- He didn't answer. He must have been busy. (Dia tidak menjawab. Tentu dia sibuk ketika itu.)
- She looks tired. She must have worked all night. (Dia kelihatan penat. Pasti dia telah bekerja sepanjang malam.)
- They must have finished the meeting by now. (Mereka pasti telah menamatkan mesyuarat itu sekarang.)
B. may / might / could have p.p. — tekaan lemah (mungkin)
may / might / could + have + partisip lampau menyatakan tekaan lemah dan kemungkinan, iaitu 'mungkin telah begitu'. Makna ketiga-tiganya hampir sama, cuma might memberi rasa yang sedikit lebih tidak pasti.
| Kata kerja bantu | Darjah keyakinan | Contoh | Makna |
|---|---|---|---|
| may have p.p. | Tekaan lemah | She may have called while I was out. | Mungkin telah menelefon |
| might have p.p. | Lebih tidak pasti | He might have forgotten. | Mungkin terlupa (lebih lemah) |
| could have p.p. | Kemungkinan | They could have taken the wrong train. | Mungkin tersalah naik kereta api |
- She's not answering. She may have gone out. (Dia tidak menjawab panggilan. Mungkin dia telah keluar.)
- The keys are gone. Someone might have taken them. (Kunci itu hilang. Mungkin seseorang telah mengambilnya.)
- He's late. He could have missed his flight. (Dia lewat. Mungkin dia telah terlepas penerbangannya.)
- I don't know where she is. She might have left early. (Saya tidak tahu di mana dia. Mungkin dia telah beredar awal.)
C. can't / couldn't have p.p. — nafi tegas (mustahil)
Apabila anda menafikan dengan tegas bahawa sesuatu perkara lampau mustahil berlaku, can't have + partisip lampau atau couldn't have + partisip lampau digunakan. Yang kerap mengelirukan di sini ialah mustn't have p.p. tidak dipakai.
| Keadaan | Ayat | Taakulan penutur |
|---|---|---|
| Dia berada di tempat lain ketika itu | She can't have stolen it. | Mustahil dia mencurinya |
| Kami bercakap semalam | He can't have forgotten already. | Mustahil dia sudah terlupa |
| Saya nampak mereka 30 minit lalu | They couldn't have left yet. | Mustahil mereka sudah beredar |
- He was with me all day. He can't have taken your bag. (Dia bersama saya sepanjang hari. Mustahil dia mengambil beg anda.)
- She can't have been there. I saw her at the office. (Mustahil dia berada di sana. Saya nampak dia di pejabat.)
- You couldn't have finished already. It was 40 pages. (Mustahil anda sudah menyiapkannya. Ia setebal 40 halaman.)
- He can't have said that. He's too polite. (Mustahil dia berkata begitu. Dia terlalu sopan.)
Perkara penting
- 1Tekaan tentang perkara lampau dibuat dengan kata kerja bantu + have + partisip lampau, dan darjah keyakinannya berubah mengikut kata kerja bantu itu. (Contoh: must have / may have / might have / could have / can't have)
- 2must have p.p. ialah keyakinan kuat 'pasti telah begitu', manakala can't have p.p. ialah keyakinan nafi yang kuat 'mustahil begitu', dan kedua-duanya pasangan bertentangan. mustn't have tidak digunakan.
- 3may have dan might have hampir sama maknanya, cuma might memberi nada yang sedikit lebih tidak pasti.
- 4Selain tekaan kemungkinan, could have p.p. juga membawa makna sesal dan kecewa iaitu 'sebenarnya boleh berbuat begitu(tetapi tidak dilakukan)', jadi bezakannya melalui konteks.
- 5have di sini ialah kata kerja bantu, jadi ia kekal have tanpa mengira subjek, dan selepasnya mesti datang partisip lampau. (X: She must has gone / O: She must have gone)