Subjungtif - kalau tiada ~, kalau tidak kerana ~
'Kalau tiada / Kalau tidak kerana ' dinyatakan dengan If it were not for / If it had not been for dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan(Were it not for / Had it not been for ) atau kepada without / but for .
Penerangan
'Kalau tiada ~ / Kalau tidak kerana ~' dinyatakan dengan If it were not for ~ / If it had not been for ~ dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan(Were it not for ~ / Had it not been for ~) atau kepada without ~ / but for ~. Binaan ini mengandaikan sesuatu itu tiada, lalu menegaskan betapa pentingnya perkara tersebut.
A. Kini — If it were not for / Were it not for / Without / But for
Lawan hakikat sekarang yang bermaksud 'kalau tiada ~ sekarang' berasaskan binaan If it were not for ~, dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan Were it not for ~ atau kepada Without ~ / But for ~. Klausa utama di belakangnya disambung dengan would / could / might + bentuk dasar. If it were not for = Were it not for = Without = But for.
| Bentuk | Darjah rasmi | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| If it were not for | Piawai | If it were not for air, we would die. |
| Were it not for | Rasmi dan tulisan | Were it not for air, we would die. |
| Without | Harian dan perbualan | Without air, we would die. |
| But for | Rasmi | But for air, we would die. |
- If it were not for coffee, I couldn't wake up. (Kalau tiada kopi, saya tentu tidak boleh bangun.)
- Were it not for your patience, this project would fail. (Kalau tiada kesabaran anda, projek ini tentu gagal.)
- Without the internet, life would be very different. (Tanpa internet, kehidupan tentu amat berbeza.)
- But for the rain, we could enjoy the picnic. (Kalau tiada hujan, kami boleh menikmati perkelahan itu.)
B. Dahulu — If it had not been for / Had it not been for / Without / But for
Lawan hakikat lampau yang bermaksud 'kalau tiada ~ ketika itu' berasaskan binaan If it had not been for ~, dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan Had it not been for ~ atau kepada Without ~ / But for ~. Klausa utama disambung dengan would / could / might + have + partisip lampau. If it had not been for = Had it not been for = Without = But for.
| Bentuk | Darjah rasmi | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| If it had not been for | Piawai | If it had not been for him, I would have quit. |
| Had it not been for | Rasmi dan tulisan | Had it not been for him, I would have quit. |
| Without | Harian dan perbualan | Without him, I would have quit. |
| But for | Rasmi | But for him, I would have quit. |
- If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a big mistake. (Kalau tiada nasihat anda dahulu, saya tentu telah melakukan kesilapan besar.)
- Had it not been for the alarm, I would have overslept. (Kalau tiada jam penggera itu, saya tentu telah terlajak tidur.)
- Without her support, we couldn't have finished the project. (Tanpa sokongannya ketika itu, kami tentu tidak dapat menyiapkan projek itu.)
- But for the doctor, he might have died. (Kalau tiada doktor itu, mungkin dia telah meninggal dunia.)
C. Without / But for boleh untuk dua-dua kala
Bentuk Without ~ / But for ~ tidak terikat pada kala, jadi sama ada ia melawan hakikat sekarang atau hakikat lampau ditentukan semata-mata oleh kala kata kerja bantu dalam klausa utama. would + bentuk dasar bermakna lawan hakikat sekarang, manakala would have + partisip lampau bermakna lawan hakikat lampau.
| Kata kerja bantu klausa utama | Penentuan kala | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| would / could / might + bentuk dasar | Lawan hakikat sekarang | Without you, I would be lost. |
| would / could / might + have + partisip lampau | Lawan hakikat lampau | Without you, I would have been lost. |
- Without you, my life would be empty. (Tanpa anda, hidup saya tentu kosong.)
- Without you, my life would have been empty. (Tanpa anda ketika itu, hidup saya tentu telah kosong.)
- But for his help, I couldn't finish the work. (Kalau tiada bantuannya, saya tidak boleh menyiapkan kerja itu.)
- But for his help, I couldn't have finished the work. (Kalau tiada bantuannya ketika itu, saya tentu tidak dapat menyiapkan kerja itu.)
Perkara penting
- 1Kalau tiada sekarang = If it were not for = Were it not for = Without = But for, dan klausa utama menerima would / could / might + bentuk dasar.
- 2Kalau tiada ketika itu = If it had not been for = Had it not been for = Without = But for, dan klausa utama disambung dengan would / could / might + have + partisip lampau.
- 3Without dan But for tidak terikat pada kala, jadi sama ada ia melawan hakikat sekarang atau hakikat lampau ditentukan oleh bentuk kata kerja bantu dalam klausa utama. (Contoh: Without you, I would be lost / Without you, I would have been lost)
- 4Were it not for dan Had it not been for tergolong dalam laras rasmi dan bahasa tulisan, manakala Without jauh lebih wajar dalam perbualan. But for pula laras rasmi tetapi kadang-kadang dipakai juga dalam perbualan.
- 5If it wasn't for dibenarkan dalam perbualan, tetapi dalam laras rasmi If it were not for yang menjadi prinsip. Jangan tertinggal not seperti dalam If it had been for.