Lanjutan · Unit 80

Subjungtif - kalau tiada ~, kalau tidak kerana ~

'Kalau tiada / Kalau tidak kerana ' dinyatakan dengan If it were not for / If it had not been for dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan(Were it not for / Had it not been for ) atau kepada without / but for .

Penerangan

'Kalau tiada ~ / Kalau tidak kerana ~' dinyatakan dengan If it were not for ~ / If it had not been for ~ dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan(Were it not for ~ / Had it not been for ~) atau kepada without ~ / but for ~. Binaan ini mengandaikan sesuatu itu tiada, lalu menegaskan betapa pentingnya perkara tersebut.

 

A.  Kini — If it were not for / Were it not for / Without / But for 

Lawan hakikat sekarang yang bermaksud 'kalau tiada ~ sekarang' berasaskan binaan If it were not for ~, dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan Were it not for ~ atau kepada Without ~ / But for ~. Klausa utama di belakangnya disambung dengan would / could / might + bentuk dasar. If it were not for = Were it not for = Without = But for.

BentukDarjah rasmiContoh
If it were not forPiawaiIf it were not for air, we would die.
Were it not forRasmi dan tulisanWere it not for air, we would die.
WithoutHarian dan perbualanWithout air, we would die.
But forRasmiBut for air, we would die.
  • If it were not for coffee, I couldn't wake up. (Kalau tiada kopi, saya tentu tidak boleh bangun.)
  • Were it not for your patience, this project would fail. (Kalau tiada kesabaran anda, projek ini tentu gagal.)
  • Without the internet, life would be very different. (Tanpa internet, kehidupan tentu amat berbeza.)
  • But for the rain, we could enjoy the picnic. (Kalau tiada hujan, kami boleh menikmati perkelahan itu.)

 

B.  Dahulu — If it had not been for / Had it not been for / Without / But for 

Lawan hakikat lampau yang bermaksud 'kalau tiada ~ ketika itu' berasaskan binaan If it had not been for ~, dan boleh ditukar kepada bentuk songsangan Had it not been for ~ atau kepada Without ~ / But for ~. Klausa utama disambung dengan would / could / might + have + partisip lampau. If it had not been for = Had it not been for = Without = But for.

BentukDarjah rasmiContoh
If it had not been forPiawaiIf it had not been for him, I would have quit.
Had it not been forRasmi dan tulisanHad it not been for him, I would have quit.
WithoutHarian dan perbualanWithout him, I would have quit.
But forRasmiBut for him, I would have quit.
  • If it had not been for your advice, I would have made a big mistake. (Kalau tiada nasihat anda dahulu, saya tentu telah melakukan kesilapan besar.)
  • Had it not been for the alarm, I would have overslept. (Kalau tiada jam penggera itu, saya tentu telah terlajak tidur.)
  • Without her support, we couldn't have finished the project. (Tanpa sokongannya ketika itu, kami tentu tidak dapat menyiapkan projek itu.)
  • But for the doctor, he might have died. (Kalau tiada doktor itu, mungkin dia telah meninggal dunia.)

 

C.  Without / But for boleh untuk dua-dua kala 

Bentuk Without ~ / But for ~ tidak terikat pada kala, jadi sama ada ia melawan hakikat sekarang atau hakikat lampau ditentukan semata-mata oleh kala kata kerja bantu dalam klausa utama. would + bentuk dasar bermakna lawan hakikat sekarang, manakala would have + partisip lampau bermakna lawan hakikat lampau.

Kata kerja bantu klausa utamaPenentuan kalaContoh
would / could / might + bentuk dasarLawan hakikat sekarangWithout you, I would be lost.
would / could / might + have + partisip lampauLawan hakikat lampauWithout you, I would have been lost.
  • Without you, my life would be empty. (Tanpa anda, hidup saya tentu kosong.)
  • Without you, my life would have been empty. (Tanpa anda ketika itu, hidup saya tentu telah kosong.)
  • But for his help, I couldn't finish the work. (Kalau tiada bantuannya, saya tidak boleh menyiapkan kerja itu.)
  • But for his help, I couldn't have finished the work. (Kalau tiada bantuannya ketika itu, saya tentu tidak dapat menyiapkan kerja itu.)

Perkara penting

  1. 1Kalau tiada sekarang = If it were not for = Were it not for = Without = But for, dan klausa utama menerima would / could / might + bentuk dasar.
  2. 2Kalau tiada ketika itu = If it had not been for = Had it not been for = Without = But for, dan klausa utama disambung dengan would / could / might + have + partisip lampau.
  3. 3Without dan But for tidak terikat pada kala, jadi sama ada ia melawan hakikat sekarang atau hakikat lampau ditentukan oleh bentuk kata kerja bantu dalam klausa utama. (Contoh: Without you, I would be lost / Without you, I would have been lost)
  4. 4Were it not for dan Had it not been for tergolong dalam laras rasmi dan bahasa tulisan, manakala Without jauh lebih wajar dalam perbualan. But for pula laras rasmi tetapi kadang-kadang dipakai juga dalam perbualan.
  5. 5If it wasn't for dibenarkan dalam perbualan, tetapi dalam laras rasmi If it were not for yang menjadi prinsip. Jangan tertinggal not seperti dalam If it had been for.

Contoh

If it were not for water, nothing could live.
Kalau tiada air, tiada apa-apa yang boleh hidup.
Were it not for your help, I would fail.
Kalau tiada bantuan anda, saya tentu gagal.
Without air, we could not survive.
Tanpa udara, kami tidak boleh terus hidup.
But for the rain, we could go on a picnic.
Kalau tiada hujan, kami boleh pergi berkelah.
If it were not for coffee, I couldn't wake up.
Kalau tiada kopi, saya tentu tidak boleh bangun.
Unit ini mempunyai lebih banyak contoh. Daftar untuk melihat dan mendengar kesemuanya.

Kesilapan lazim

If it not were for you, I would fail.
If it were not for you, I would fail.
Had not it been for the map, we would have gotten lost.
Had it not been for the map, we would have gotten lost.
Without your help, I would finished the work.
Without your help, I couldn't have finished the work.
But for his advice, I make a mistake.
But for his advice, I would have made a mistake.
If it weren't for the traffic, we would arrive on time yesterday.
If it had not been for the traffic, we would have arrived on time.
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