進階 · Unit 18
動名詞 — 時態
動名詞依時態分成兩種形態，單純動名詞表示與主要子句同一時間點，完成動名詞則表示早於主要子句的行為。
概念說明
動名詞依時態分成兩種形態，單純動名詞表示與主要子句同一時間點，完成動名詞則表示早於主要子句的行為。
A. 單純動名詞 (動詞-ing) — 與主要子句同時
單純動名詞是在原形動詞後面加上 -ing 的基本形態，用來表示與主要子句動詞同一時間點或在那之後的行為。動詞-ing = 與主要子句同時 就是基本原則。
| 形態 | 時間點 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 動詞-ing | 與主要子句同一時間點 | I enjoy reading books. |
| 動詞-ing | 主要子句之後 (未來、預定) | I look forward to seeing you. |
- She enjoys traveling to new places. (她喜歡到新的地方旅行。)
- We are considering moving next year. (我們正在考慮明年搬家。)
- He denies knowing her. (他否認認識她。)
B. 完成動名詞 (having + p.p.) — 早於主要子句
完成動名詞是 having + 過去分詞的形態，用在要明確標示比主要子句動詞更早發生的行為時。having + p.p. = 早於主要子句 就是核心公式。
| 形態 | 時間點 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| having + p.p. | 早於主要子句 (完成) | She admits having lied. |
| having + p.p. | 強調過去已完成的行為 | I regret having said that. |
- He is proud of having graduated from Harvard. (他以從哈佛畢業為榮。)
- She apologized for having forgotten my name. (她為忘了我的名字而道歉。)
- I remember having met him at the conference. (我記得在研討會上見過他。)
C. 時態比較 — 同一動詞意思會改變的例子
把單純動名詞和完成動名詞放進同一個動詞來比較，時間點的差異就會清楚顯現。尤其在 deny·admit·remember·regret 上，兩種形態的差別會完全改變意思。
| 動詞 | 單純動名詞 (同一時間點) | 完成動名詞 (較早的時間點) |
|---|---|---|
| deny | He denies stealing. | He denies having stolen. |
| admit | She admits making mistakes. | She admits having made a mistake. |
| remember | I remember meeting her. | I remember having met her before. |
| regret | I regret telling him. | I regret having told him years ago. |
| be proud of | She is proud of winning. | She is proud of having won in 2010. |
- She is proud of winning the prize. (她以得獎為榮。)
- She is proud of having won the prize in 2010. (她以自己在 2010 年得過獎為榮。)
- He complained about being treated unfairly. (他抱怨受到不公平的對待。)
- He complained about having been treated unfairly. (他抱怨自己曾經受到不公平的對待。)
重點整理
- 1單純動名詞(動詞-ing)是表示與主要子句同一時間點行為的基本形。(例: I enjoy reading.)
- 2完成動名詞(having + p.p.)用在強調明確早於主要子句發生的行為時。(例: She admits having lied.)
- 3在會話中就算用單純動名詞代替完成動名詞，時間點也常常能靠上下文顯現出來。(例: I remember meeting him.)
- 4remember·regret·admit·deny·apologize for·be proud of 後面很常接完成動名詞。(例: He is proud of having graduated.)
- 5完成動名詞的否定是把 not/never 放在 having 前面，成為 not/never having + p.p.。(例: I regret not having studied harder.)
例句
He denies stealing the money.
他否認偷那筆錢。
He denies having stolen the money.
他否認偷過那筆錢。
I remember meeting her at the party.
我記得在那場派對上見過她。
I remember having met her before.
我記得以前見過她。
She admits having made a serious mistake.
她承認自己犯了嚴重的錯誤。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
He denies having stolen the money.
She admits having made a mistake.
I remember having met her before.
He is proud of having graduated.
I regret not having studied harder.