進階 · Unit 19
動名詞 — 被動語態
動名詞也可以變成被動語態，單純動名詞的被動語態是 being + 過去分詞，完成動名詞的被動語態是 having been + 過去分詞。當主詞是承受動名詞動作的一方時，就從這兩種形態中挑一個來用。
概念說明
動名詞也可以變成被動語態，單純動名詞的被動語態是 being + 過去分詞，完成動名詞的被動語態是 having been + 過去分詞。當主詞是承受動名詞動作的一方時，就從這兩種形態中挑一個來用。
A. 被動單純動名詞 (being + p.p.) — 與主要子句同一時間點
被動單純動名詞是 being + 過去分詞的形態，表示在和主要子句動詞相同的時間點承受動作。being + p.p. 是基本的被動形態。
| 形態 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| being + p.p. | 被 ~ 的事 (承受動作) | I dislike being watched. |
| being + p.p. | 被 ~ 的狀況 | She hates being ignored. |
- No one likes being criticized in public. (沒有人喜歡在眾人面前被批評。)
- He is afraid of being caught lying. (他害怕說謊被抓到。)
- The dog enjoys being petted. (那隻狗很享受被撫摸。)
B. 被動完成動名詞 (having been + p.p.) — 比主要子句更早的時間點
被動完成動名詞是 having been + 過去分詞的形態，表示在主要子句動詞之前就已經承受了動作。having been + p.p. 的意思是「之前曾被 ~ 過的事」。
| 形態 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| having been + p.p. | 之前曾被 ~ 過的事 | He complained about having been fired. |
| having been + p.p. | 強調過去的被動完成 | She denies having been informed. |
- She was proud of having been elected class president. (她對於曾被選為班長感到驕傲。)
- He apologized for having been rude earlier. (他為稍早的無禮道歉。)
- I remember having been warned about this before. (我記得以前有人就這件事警告過我。)
C. 四種形態整理 — 主動/被動，單純/完成
動名詞由主動/被動、單純/完成組合而成，共有四種形態，靠時間點和語態的搭配來表達精確的意思。
| 語態 / 時間點 | 單純 (同一時間點) | 完成 (更早的時間點) |
|---|---|---|
| 主動 | doing | having done |
| 被動 | being done | having been done |
| 例子 | 時間點·語態 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| I enjoy teaching children. | 主動·同一時間點 | 喜歡教 |
| I remember having taught him. | 主動·更早 | 記得教過 |
| Children enjoy being taught stories. | 被動·同一時間點 | 喜歡有人教 |
| He was proud of having been taught by her. | 被動·更早 | 對曾受教感到驕傲 |
- I enjoy teaching children. (我喜歡教小孩。)
- I remember having taught him years ago. (我記得幾年前教過他。)
- Children enjoy being taught fun stories. (小孩喜歡有人教他們有趣的故事。)
- He was proud of having been taught by a famous professor. (他對於曾受教於一位有名的教授感到驕傲。)
重點整理
- 1被動單純動名詞(being + p.p.)表示在和主要子句相同的時間點上「承受動作」。(例: I hate being interrupted.)
- 2被動完成動名詞(having been + p.p.)表示在比主要子句更早的時間點上「曾經承受過動作」。(例: He was proud of having been chosen.)
- 3動名詞由主動/被動、單純/完成組合出總共四種形態(doing / being done / having done / having been done)。
- 4hate·dislike·enjoy·mind·be afraid of·complain about·insist on·be worth 後面經常接被動動名詞。(例: She is afraid of being laughed at.)
- 5被動動名詞的否定，是把 not/never 放在 being 或 having 前面。(例: He prefers not being disturbed.)
例句
I don't like being told what to do.
我不喜歡被人指使該做什麼。
He complained about being treated unfairly.
他抱怨自己受到不公平的對待。
She was proud of having been chosen as leader.
她對於曾被選為領導者感到驕傲。
I hate being interrupted during meetings.
我討厭開會時被打斷。
He denies having been informed about the change.
他否認曾被告知這項變更。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
I don't like being told what to do.
He complained about being treated unfairly.
She was proud of having been chosen.
I remember being asked the same question.
He denies having been informed about it.