進階 · Unit 3
過去完成式
過去完成式(had + 過去分詞)是用來表示比過去某個時間點更早就已經發生的事的時態。當有兩個過去事件時，先發生的事用過去完成式，後發生的事用過去式。
概念說明
過去完成式(had + 過去分詞)是用來表示比過去某個時間點更早就已經發生的事的時態。當有兩個過去事件時，先發生的事用過去完成式，後發生的事用過去式。
A. 形態 — had + 過去分詞
過去完成式對所有主詞都只用 had 一個字，後面加上動詞的過去分詞就完成了。請把 had + 過去分詞 = 過去的過去 這個公式整組記起來。即使是第三人稱單數，用的也不是 has 而是 had。
| 主詞 | had + p.p. | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| I | had + p.p. | I had finished before 5. |
| you | had + p.p. | You had finished. |
| he / she / it | had + p.p. | She had finished. |
| we | had + p.p. | We had finished. |
| they | had + p.p. | They had finished. |
- I had read the book before I saw the movie. (我在看那部電影之前就把那本書讀過了。)
- She had gone home when I called her office. (我打電話到她辦公室時，她已經回家了。)
- We had eaten dinner before they arrived. (在他們抵達之前，我們已經吃過晚餐了。)
B. 意思 — 比過去的特定時間點更早
過去完成式是先在故事裡定下一個過去的基準時間點，再標示比那個時間點更早就已經發生的事。作為基準的過去時間點，通常由過去式的句子來擔任。
| 情境 | 先發生的事 (過去完成式) | 作為基準的過去時間點 (過去式) |
|---|---|---|
| 在抵達之前就離開了 | She had left | when I arrived |
| 已經看過了 | I had seen the film | before we watched it again |
| 已經忘記了 | He had forgotten my name | when we met again |
- The kids were happy because their dad had brought gifts. (因為爸爸帶了禮物來，孩子們很開心。)
- I didn't recognize her because she had cut her hair. (因為她剪了頭髮，我沒有認出她來。)
- We were late because the taxi had not come. (因為計程車沒有來，我們遲到了。)
- She looked tired because she hadn't slept well. (因為她沒有睡好，看起來很累。)
C. 與過去式的時間順序
當一個句子裡有兩個過去事件時，較早的事件用過去完成式，較晚的事件用過去式，就能把順序表達清楚。before·after·when·by the time 這類連接詞就是把兩個時間點串起來的信號。
| 時間軸 | 時態 | 句子範例 |
|---|---|---|
| 較早的事件 | 過去完成式 | She had finished her homework |
| 較晚的事件 | 過去式 | before her mom came home. |
- After I had done my homework, I watched TV. (做完功課之後，我看了電視。)
- By the time we got to the theater, the movie had started. (我們到電影院的時候，電影已經開始了。)
- She told me that she had visited Paris twice. (她告訴我她去過巴黎兩次。)
- Before he moved to Seoul, he had lived in Busan for ten years. (在搬到首爾之前，他在釜山住了十年。)
重點整理
- 1過去完成式不論主詞是什麼都只用 had 一個字，就算是第三人稱單數也不會變成 has，這是形態上的重點。(例: She had gone, We had gone.)
- 2過去完成式一定要在有基準過去時間點的情況下使用，單獨出現就會顯得不自然，請記住這一點。(例: I had visited Paris before I turned 20.)
- 3當 before·after·when·by the time 把兩個過去事件串起來時，較早的事件要放過去完成式，請培養這種語感。(例: By the time we arrived, the show had started.)
- 4had 的縮寫是在主詞後面接上 'd，變成 I'd、she'd、they'd 的形態，會話中大多都用縮寫，這一點也請記起來。(例: I'd already eaten dinner.)
- 5中文的「已經~了」「~過了」「做完~之後才…」很自然地就會對應到過去完成式，掌握這種語感後選擇時態就會變得容易。
例句
When I arrived, the movie had already started.
我抵達時，電影已經開始了。
She had left the office before I got there.
在我到那裡之前，她已經離開辦公室了。
The train had already left when we reached the station.
我們到車站時，火車已經開走了。
By the time we arrived, they had finished dinner.
等我們到的時候，他們已經吃完晚餐了。
He was tired because he had worked all day.
他很累，因為他工作了一整天。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
When I arrived, the movie had already started.
She had gone home before I called.
He had finished his homework before dinner.
By the time we arrived, they had finished dinner.
I had visited Paris twice.