進階 · Unit 27
分詞構句 — 否定形式與完成式分詞構句
分詞構句的否定形式是在分詞前面放 not·never，完成式分詞構句則用 having + 過去分詞的形式，表示比主要子句更早的時間點。兩種形式結合起來就成了 not/never having + 過去分詞。
概念說明
分詞構句的否定形式是在分詞前面放 not·never，完成式分詞構句則用 having + 過去分詞的形式，表示比主要子句更早的時間點。兩種形式結合起來就成了 not/never having + 過去分詞。
A. 否定分詞構句 — Not/Never + 分詞
要否定分詞構句時，在分詞前面放 not 或 never，不會用 do·does·did 這類助動詞。否定詞的位置就在分詞正前面，意思是「因為沒有~、在還沒~的狀態下」。
| 形式 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| Not + V-ing | 因為沒有~ | Not knowing the answer, I stayed silent. |
| Never + V-ing | 因為從來沒有~過 | Never seeing the sea, the child was amazed. |
| Not + (Being) + p.p. | 因為沒有被~ | Not invited to the party, he stayed home. |
- Not feeling well, she stayed in bed. (因為身體不舒服，她一直躺在床上。)
- Never having been to Europe, he was excited about the trip. (因為沒去過歐洲，他對這趟旅行很期待。)
- Not wanting to be late, I took a taxi. (因為不想遲到，我搭了計程車。)
- Not having enough money, he couldn't buy the book. (因為錢不夠，他買不起那本書。)
B. 完成式分詞構句 — Having + 過去分詞
完成式分詞構句用 Having + 過去分詞的形式，明確標示分詞構句的動作發生在主要子句的動作之前。時態關係就是 Having + 過去分詞 = 早於主要子句。
| 原本的副詞子句 | 完成式分詞構句 | 時態關係 |
|---|---|---|
| After I had finished my work, ... | Having finished my work, ... | 先完成 → 然後 |
| Because he had lost the key, ... | Having lost the key, ... | 先弄丟 → 因此 |
| As she had lived there long, ... | Having lived there long, ... | 因為住了很久 |
- Having finished dinner, we went for a walk. (吃完晚餐後，我們去散步。)
- Having lost her wallet, she couldn't pay for the taxi. (因為弄丟了錢包，她付不出計程車錢。)
- Having lived in Paris for ten years, he speaks French fluently. (因為在巴黎住了十年，他法語說得很流利。)
- Having read the book twice, I understood the story well. (因為那本書讀過兩遍，我把故事理解得很透徹。)
C. 完成式否定分詞構句 — Not/Never having + 過去分詞
完成式分詞構句的否定是把 Not 或 Never 放在 having 前面，做成 not/never having + 過去分詞，表示「因為之前沒有~」的意思。
| 形式 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| Not having + p.p. | 因為之前沒有~ | Not having eaten, I felt hungry. |
| Never having + p.p. | 因為之前從來沒有~過 | Never having tried sushi, she felt curious. |
- Not having slept well, I felt tired all day. (因為沒睡好，我一整天都很累。)
- Never having met him before, I introduced myself. (因為之前沒見過他，我做了自我介紹。)
- Not having received a reply, she called again. (因為沒收到回覆，她又打了一次電話。)
- Never having driven a truck, he was nervous. (因為沒開過卡車，他很緊張。)
重點整理
- 1要否定分詞構句時，在分詞正前面放 not·never，不會用 do·does·did。(例: Not knowing the answer, ...)
- 2Having + 過去分詞是明確表示分詞構句的動作發生在主要子句之前的完成式分詞構句。(例: Having finished my work, I went home.)
- 3兩個動作幾乎同時，或先後順序不重要時，用單純的分詞構句(-ing)就夠了，只有要強調發生在更早時才用 having。
- 4完成式否定分詞構句的形式是 Not/Never having + 過去分詞，否定詞一定放在 having 正前面。(例: Not having eaten breakfast, ...)
- 5中文的「…之後、…了以後、因為已經…」很自然地對應到完成式分詞構句。(例:「寫完功課之後」 → Having finished homework.)
例句
Not knowing what to say, I stayed silent.
不知道該說什麼，我就沉默不語。
Not feeling well, she left the meeting early.
因為身體不舒服，她提早離開了會議。
Not wanting to disturb her, I closed the door.
因為不想打擾她，我把門關上了。
Never having seen snow, the boy was thrilled.
因為從來沒看過雪，那個男孩非常興奮。
Having finished my homework, I watched TV.
寫完功課後，我看了電視。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
Not knowing the answer, I stayed silent.
Not knowing what to do, I asked her.
Having finished my work, I went home.
Not having eaten breakfast, I felt hungry.
Having lost his keys, he called for help.