進階 · Unit 30
被動語態 — 意思與形態 (現在、過去)
被動語態的形態是 be 動詞 + 過去分詞(p.p.)，表示主詞不是自己做動作，而是承受那個動作的關係。主動語態的焦點在「誰做」，被動語態的焦點則在「誰·什麼東西承受」。
概念說明
被動語態的形態是 be 動詞 + 過去分詞(p.p.)，表示主詞不是自己做動作，而是承受那個動作的關係。主動語態的焦點在「誰做」，被動語態的焦點則在「誰·什麼東西承受」。
A. 主動語態 vs 被動語態 — 做 vs 被做
把主動語態的受詞移到主詞的位置，動詞改成 be + 過去分詞，原本的主詞用 by + 行為者接在後面，這就是基本的轉換方式。公式是 be + 過去分詞 = 被動語態。
| 主動語態 | 被動語態 |
|---|---|
| Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. | Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. |
| Someone cleans the office. | The office is cleaned. |
| They built the bridge. | The bridge was built. |
- Millions of people use this app. → This app is used by millions of people. (幾百萬人使用這個應用程式。)
- The chef prepared the meal. → The meal was prepared by the chef. (廚師準備了那頓餐點。)
- The teacher explained the rule. → The rule was explained by the teacher. (老師說明了那條規則。)
B. 現在的被動語態 — am / is / are + 過去分詞
表示現在的習慣·一般事實·規律動作中，主詞承受那個動作的關係時，用 am / is / are + 過去分詞。be 動詞要依主詞來選。
| 主詞 | be 動詞 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am + p.p. | I am invited to the party. |
| he / she / it / 單數 | is + p.p. | The room is cleaned daily. |
| we / you / they / 複數 | are + p.p. | The doors are locked at 10. |
- Rice is grown in many Asian countries. (稻米在許多亞洲國家種植。)
- The tables are cleaned after every meal. (桌子在每餐之後都會清理。)
- This product is made in Korea. (這個產品是在韓國製造的。)
- The results are announced every Friday. (結果每週五公布。)
C. 過去的被動語態 — was / were + 過去分詞
表示過去某個特定時間點主詞承受動作的關係時，用 was / were + 過去分詞。單數主詞用 was，複數主詞和 you 用 were。
| 主詞 | be 動詞 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I / he / she / it / 單數 | was + p.p. | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| we / you / they / 複數 | were + p.p. | The photos were taken last week. |
- The company was founded in 1980. (那家公司成立於 1980 年。)
- These paintings were painted by a young artist. (這些畫是由一位年輕藝術家畫的。)
- My car was repaired last weekend. (我的車上週末修好了。)
- The students were told to wait outside. (學生們被告知要在外面等。)
重點整理
- 1被動語態的形態是 be 動詞 + 過去分詞，表示主詞不是做出動作，而是承受動作的關係。(例: The letter was sent yesterday.)
- 2主動語態改成被動語態時，把受詞移到主詞位置，動詞改成 be + 過去分詞，原本的主詞再視需要用 by + 行為者接在後面。
- 3現在的被動語態是 am/is/are + p.p.，過去的被動語態是 was/were + p.p.，時態由 be 動詞的形態決定。(例: is cleaned / was cleaned)
- 4過去分詞在規則動詞是加 -ed，不規則動詞則要另外背，所以動詞三態的背誦是必要的。(例: write → wrote → written)
- 5被動語態是在對象比行為者更重要，或行為者不明確時所選用的句子形態。
例句
English is spoken in many countries.
英語在許多國家被使用。
This product is made in Korea.
這個產品是在韓國製造的。
The office is cleaned every evening.
辦公室每天傍晚都會打掃。
Rice is grown in many Asian countries.
稻米在許多亞洲國家種植。
The results are announced every Friday.
結果每週五公布。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
The house was built in 1995.
This book is written by him.
The office is cleaned every day.
The letter was sent yesterday.
English is spoken in many countries.