進階 · Unit 54
關係詞 — 受格關係代名詞
受格關係代名詞(whom / which / that)在關係子句裡擔任動詞、介系詞的受詞，並依照「先行詞 + 關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」的語序排列。先行詞是人時用 whom(正式) / who(口語) / that，先行詞是事物時用 which / that。
概念說明
受格關係代名詞(whom / which / that)在關係子句裡擔任動詞、介系詞的受詞，並依照「先行詞 + 關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」的語序排列。先行詞是人時用 whom(正式) / who(口語) / that，先行詞是事物時用 which / that。
A. 形態 — 受格的 whom / which / that
受格關係代名詞在先行詞是人的時候用 whom(正式)或 who / that(口語)，是事物的時候則用 which 或 that。為了不和主格的 who 搞混，請把 受格: whom / which / that 這一組整套記起來。
| 先行詞 | 正式的受格 | 口語的受格 | 通用 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 人 | whom | who | that |
| 事物、動物 | which | which | that |
- The teacher whom we respect is retiring. (我們尊敬的那位老師要退休了。)
- The song which she sang moved everyone. (她唱的那首歌感動了所有人。)
- The friend that I trust most lives abroad. (我最信任的朋友住在國外。)
- The gift which he gave me was a book. (他送我的禮物是一本書。)
B. 語序 — 先行詞 + 受格關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞
受格關係代名詞引導的子句裡一定要有新的主詞，語序則是「先行詞 + 受格關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」。請把 先行詞 + 受格關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞 這個公式整組記起來，另外關係子句裡的動詞後面不可以再寫一次受詞，這一點也很重要。
| 原本的兩個句子 | 合併後的句子 |
|---|---|
| The man is my teacher. I met him yesterday. | The man whom I met yesterday is my teacher. |
| The book was interesting. She recommended it. | The book which she recommended was interesting. |
| The song was beautiful. He sang it. | The song that he sang was beautiful. |
- The woman whom you saw is my sister. (你看到的那位女士是我姊姊。)
- The car which they bought last month broke down. (他們上個月買的那台車故障了。)
- The email that I sent hasn't arrived yet. (我寄出的那封電子郵件還沒送到。)
- The person whom I trust the most is my mother. (我最信任的人是我媽媽。)
C. 口語 — 用 who 代替 whom
whom 原本是人的受格的正式形式，但在現代會話中，whom 的位置改用 who 反而自然得多。正式的書面語、考試英語傾向用 whom，日常對話和電子郵件則傾向用 who 或 that，意思完全相同。
| 情況 | 自然的選擇 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 正式書面語、考試 | whom | The candidate whom we hired is excellent. |
| 日常會話 | who | The person who I called was busy. |
| 兩種情況都可以 | that | The friend that I met yesterday moved away. |
- The man who (或 whom) she married is a musician. (她嫁的那位男士是音樂家。)
- The colleague who (或 whom) I introduced to you started last week. (我介紹給你的那位同事上星期進公司了。)
- The teacher that everyone respects is Mr. Kim. (大家都尊敬的那位老師是金老師。)
- The people who I invited couldn't come. (我邀請的那些人沒辦法來。)
重點整理
- 1受格關係代名詞在關係子句裡擔任動詞的受詞，人用 whom / who / that，事物用 which / that。(例: the man whom I met)
- 2語序固定為「先行詞 + 受格關係代名詞 + 主詞 + 動詞」。(例: The book which she recommended is good.)
- 3關係子句裡的動詞後面不可以再寫一次受詞。(X: the book which she recommended it / O: the book which she recommended)
- 4在現代會話中，whom 的位置改用 who 自然得多，也用得更頻繁。(例: the man who I called ≈ the man whom I called)
- 5that 是人和事物的受格都能用的方便通用形，在會話中特別常用。(例: the friend that I trust)
例句
The man whom I met yesterday is my teacher.
我昨天遇到的那位男士是我的老師。
The book which she recommended is really good.
她推薦的那本書真的很好。
The movie that we watched was boring.
我們看的那部電影很無聊。
The person who I called is my cousin.
我打電話給的那個人是我的表親。
The house which they bought is beautiful.
他們買的那間房子很漂亮。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
The man whom I met is a teacher.
The book that I read was interesting.
The person who called me is my cousin.
The song which she sang was beautiful.
The friend whom I met yesterday is a doctor.