進階 · Unit 53
關係代名詞 — 意思與形態
關係代名詞 who / which / that 是把兩個句子連成一句，同時從後面修飾前面名詞(先行詞)、構成形容詞子句的代名詞。先行詞是人還是事物，以及它在關係子句裡擔任什麼角色(主詞·受詞·所有格)，決定了它的形態。
概念說明
關係代名詞 who / which / that 是把兩個句子連成一句，同時從後面修飾前面名詞(先行詞)、構成形容詞子句的代名詞。先行詞是人還是事物，以及它在關係子句裡擔任什麼角色(主詞·受詞·所有格)，決定了它的形態。
A. 關係代名詞的概念 — 兩句合成一句，修飾名詞的形容詞子句
關係代名詞代替原本兩個句子中重複的名詞，把後面的句子接到前面的名詞上，構成形容詞子句。舉例來說，「I have a friend. He is a doctor.」這兩句會用 who 合併成「I have a friend who is a doctor.」，而後面整個子句就成為修飾 friend 的形容詞子句。
| 兩個句子 | 合併後的句子 |
|---|---|
| I have a friend. He is a doctor. | I have a friend who is a doctor. |
| The book is new. It is on the table. | The book which is on the table is new. |
| I met a man. His name is Tom. | I met a man whose name is Tom. |
- The woman who lives next door is a teacher. (住在隔壁的女士是老師。)
- The house which stands on the hill belongs to Anna. (蓋在山丘上的那棟房子是 Anna 的。)
- I have a colleague whose English is perfect. (我有一位英文很完美的同事。)
B. 依先行詞選擇 — 人用 who、事物用 which、通用 that
先行詞是人就用 who，是事物·動物就用 which，that 則是人和事物都能用的通用形。人 who / 事物 which / 通用 that 這一組要整個記起來。會話中不分人或事物直接用 that 的情況也很多。
| 先行詞 | 關係代名詞 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 人 | who / that | the man who lives here |
| 事物·動物 | which / that | the book which is red |
| 人 + 事物 (混合) | that (通用) | the people and things that I saw |
- The teacher who teaches English is very kind. (教英文的老師非常親切。)
- The dog which is barking belongs to my neighbor. (正在叫的那隻狗是我鄰居的。)
- The people that live upstairs are noisy. (住在樓上的人很吵。)
- The bag that I bought yesterday was expensive. (我昨天買的包包很貴。)
C. 依格選擇 — 主格 / 受格 / 所有格
關係代名詞會依它在關係子句裡擔任的角色(主詞·受詞·所有格)而有不同的形態。主格在關係子句裡當主詞，受格當受詞，所有格則表示「~的」這種所有關係。
| 先行詞 \ 格 | 主格 | 受格 | 所有格 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 人 | who / that | whom / who / that | whose |
| 事物·動物 | which / that | which / that | whose / of which |
- The woman who called me is my aunt. (打電話給我的那位女士是我阿姨。)
- The man whom I met yesterday is a writer. (我昨天遇到的那位男士是作家。)
- I know a girl whose brother plays soccer. (我認識一個弟弟在踢足球的女孩。)
- The book which I read was fascinating. (我讀的那本書非常有趣。)
重點整理
- 1關係代名詞把兩個句子連成一句，同時構成修飾前面名詞(先行詞)的形容詞子句。(例: I have a friend who is a doctor.)
- 2先行詞是人就用 who，是事物·動物就用 which，that 則兩者都能用。(例: the man who, the book which, the person/book that)
- 3在關係子句裡當主詞就用主格(who/which)，當受詞就用受格(whom/which)。
- 4所有格 whose 人和事物都能用，表示「~的」這種所有關係。(例: a friend whose father is a doctor)
- 5關係代名詞引導的子句扮演修飾名詞的形容詞角色，所以一定緊接在先行詞後面。
例句
I know a woman who speaks five languages.
我認識一位會說五種語言的女士。
The book which is on the table is mine.
桌上的那本書是我的。
The man that called you is my uncle.
打電話給你的那位男士是我叔叔。
I have a friend whose father is a doctor.
我有一個爸爸是醫生的朋友。
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
住在隔壁的女士是老師。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
I know a woman who speaks Korean.
The book which is on the table is mine.
I have a friend whose father is a doctor.
The man who called me is my uncle.
The car which she bought is fast.