進階 · Unit 55
關係詞 — 關係代名詞的省略
關係代名詞在符合條件時可以省略。受格關係代名詞(whom / which / that)隨時都可以省略，而「主格關係代名詞 + be 動詞」一起出現時，可以把這兩個整組省略，變成後面留下分詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語的形態。
概念說明
關係代名詞在符合條件時可以省略。受格關係代名詞(whom / which / that)隨時都可以省略，而「主格關係代名詞 + be 動詞」一起出現時，可以把這兩個整組省略，變成後面留下分詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語的形態。
A. 受格關係代名詞的省略 — whom / which / that 都可以省略
在關係子句裡擔任受詞的關係代名詞，whom, which, that 都可以省略，而且在會話中省略掉反而自然得多。請記住 受格關係代名詞 = 可以省略 這條規則。不過主格關係代名詞(who / which)原則上不能單獨省略。
| 原句 | 省略後 |
|---|---|
| The man whom I met is a doctor. | The man I met is a doctor. |
| The book which she gave me is good. | The book she gave me is good. |
| The person that I trust is my friend. | The person I trust is my friend. |
| The woman who called me is my aunt. | (X: 主格不能省略) |
- The song (that) I heard on the radio was catchy. (我在廣播裡聽到的那首歌很洗腦。)
- The email (which) you sent yesterday arrived this morning. (你昨天寄的那封電子郵件今天早上送到了。)
- The teacher (whom) we like the most is Ms. Lee. (我們最喜歡的老師是李老師。)
- The dish (that) she cooked was delicious. (她做的那道菜很好吃。)
B. 主格關係代名詞 + be 動詞的一併省略
主格關係代名詞(who / which / that)後面接 be 動詞時，可以把這兩個一起省略。結果就變成名詞後面直接接上 -ing / p.p. / 形容詞 / 介系詞片語的自然形態，意思和關係子句完全一樣。請把 主格 + be = 可以一起省略 這條規則整組記起來。
| 原句 | 省略後 |
|---|---|
| The girl who is standing there | The girl standing there |
| The car which is parked outside | The car parked outside |
| The man who is in the office | The man in the office |
| The book which is on the table | The book on the table |
- The people who are waiting for the bus look cold. → The people waiting for the bus look cold. (在等公車的那些人看起來很冷。)
- The window which was broken yesterday has been repaired. → The window broken yesterday has been repaired. (昨天破掉的那扇窗戶已經修好了。)
- The letter which is on your desk is from Anna. → The letter on your desk is from Anna. (你桌上的那封信是安娜寄來的。)
- The child who is afraid of dogs is hiding. → The child afraid of dogs is hiding. (怕狗的那個孩子躲起來了。)
C. 省略後留下的形態 — 分詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語
省略主格 + be 之後留下的形態大致有三種，現在分詞(-ing)片語表示主動、進行，過去分詞(p.p.)片語表示被動、完成，形容詞、介系詞片語則表示狀態、位置。這種縮減形式和關係子句意思相同，但簡潔得多，在實際的英語中非常常用。
| 留下的形態 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| -ing 分詞片語 | 主動、進行 | the boy running in the park |
| p.p. 分詞片語 | 被動、完成 | the letter written in Korean |
| 形容詞片語 | 狀態 | the box full of books |
| 介系詞片語 | 位置、關係 | the book on the table |
- The man talking to Anna is her boss. (正在和安娜說話的那位男士是她的上司。)
- The report written by Kevin is impressive. (凱文寫的那份報告很令人印象深刻。)
- The children happy with their gifts are laughing. (為禮物感到開心的孩子們正在笑。)
- The keys on the counter belong to me. (櫃檯上的那串鑰匙是我的。)
重點整理
- 1受格關係代名詞(whom / which / that)全部都可以省略，在會話中省略掉更自然。(例: The man (whom) I met, The book (which) she gave me)
- 2主格關係代名詞(who / which)原則上不能單獨省略。(X: The woman called me is my aunt.)
- 3不過主格 + be 動詞的組合可以整組一起省略，結果是分詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語留在名詞後面。(例: The girl standing there = The girl who is standing there)
- 4省略之後留下 -ing 就自然解讀成主動、進行，留下 p.p. 就解讀成被動、完成。(例: talking = 進行，broken = 被動)
- 5省略關係代名詞是讓句子更簡潔的實用工具，在會話和寫作中都很常用。
例句
The man I met yesterday is a doctor.
我昨天遇到的那位男士是醫生。
The book she gave me is interesting.
她給我的那本書很有趣。
The girl standing there is my sister.
站在那裡的那個女孩是我妹妹。
The car parked outside is mine.
停在外面的那台車是我的。
The pizza delivered an hour ago is cold.
一個小時前送來的那個披薩冷掉了。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
The car parked outside is mine.
The report written by Kevin is good.
The man standing there is my uncle.
The book she gave me is interesting.