進階 · Unit 38
被動語態 — 轉換成主動語態
把被動語態改成主動語態的步驟是把 by 後面的行為者變成新主詞，把 be + 過去分詞變成主動動詞，把原本的主詞變成新受詞，共三個步驟。如果沒有用 by 標出行為者，就從上下文補上一個泛稱主詞。
概念說明
把被動語態改成主動語態的步驟是把 by 後面的行為者變成新主詞，把 be + 過去分詞變成主動動詞，把原本的主詞變成新受詞，共三個步驟。如果沒有用 by 標出行為者，就從上下文補上一個泛稱主詞。
A. 轉成主動語態的三個步驟 — 行為者 · 動詞 · 受詞
被動語態 → 主動語態的轉換，只要照著固定的三個步驟依序套用就行了。公式是 ① by + 行為者 → 新主詞 ② be + p.p. → 配合時態的主動動詞 ③ 原本的主詞 → 新受詞。
| 被動語態的要素 | 在主動語態的位置 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| by + 行為者 | 新的主詞 | by Kevin → Kevin |
| be + p.p. | 保留時態的主動動詞 | was broken → broke |
| 被動語態的主詞 | 新的受詞 | The window → the window |
- The song was sung by Anna. → Anna sang the song. (Anna 唱了那首歌。)
- The cake was made by my mom. → My mom made the cake. (媽媽做了那個蛋糕。)
- The report will be finished by Kevin. → Kevin will finish the report. (Kevin 會完成那份報告。)
B. 沒有行為者的被動語態 — 補上泛稱主詞
要把句中沒有 by + 行為者的被動語態改成主動語態時，要讀上下文，把 people, they, someone, we 這類泛稱主詞放進新主詞的位置。這是在無法指出確切行為者時方便使用的主詞。
| 被動語態 (沒有行為者) | 主動語態 (泛稱主詞) |
|---|---|
| English is spoken here. | People speak English here. |
| The office is cleaned every day. | Someone cleans the office every day. |
| Rice is grown in Asia. | They grow rice in Asia. |
| The door was left open. | Someone left the door open. |
- Korean is spoken in Korea. → People speak Korean in Korea. (在韓國，人們說韓語。)
- The mail is delivered at noon. → Someone delivers the mail at noon. (有人在中午送信。)
- The book was published last year. → They published the book last year. (那本書是去年出版的。)
- The rules are followed strictly. → People follow the rules strictly. (人們嚴格遵守規則。)
C. 時態·助動詞·完成·進行被動語態轉成主動
be 動詞的時態·助動詞·完成式的部分維持原樣，只把 be + p.p. 這一塊改成主動語態的動詞形態。助動詞後面用原形動詞，完成式用 have p.p.，進行式用 be -ing，各自對應。
| 被動語態形態 | 主動語態形態 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| is / are + p.p. | 現在式 | is cleaned → cleans |
| was / were + p.p. | 過去式 | was written → wrote |
| will be + p.p. | will + 原形動詞 | will be sent → will send |
| can be + p.p. | can + 原形動詞 | can be seen → can see |
| have / has been + p.p. | 現在完成式主動 | has been done → has done |
| is being + p.p. | 現在進行式主動 | is being built → is building |
- The email will be sent tomorrow. → I will send the email tomorrow. (我明天會寄那封電子郵件。)
- The problem can be solved easily. → We can solve the problem easily. (我們可以輕鬆解決那個問題。)
- The report has been finished already. → Kevin has already finished the report. (Kevin 已經完成那份報告了。)
- A new bridge is being built downtown. → They are building a new bridge downtown. (市區正在蓋一座新橋。)
重點整理
- 1被動語態 → 主動語態的轉換，是把 by + 行為者變成新主詞，把 be + p.p. 變成配合時態的主動動詞，把原本的主詞變成新受詞，共三個步驟。(例: The song was sung by Anna. → Anna sang the song.)
- 2句中沒有 by + 行為者時，就把 people·they·someone·we 這類泛稱主詞放進新主詞的位置。(例: English is spoken here. → People speak English here.)
- 3be 動詞的時態，以及助動詞·完成·進行等標示時態的部分都維持原樣，只有 be + p.p. 這一塊會變成主動語態的形態。(例: has been finished → has finished)
- 4助動詞被動語態(can be p.p. / will be p.p.)在主動語態中會變成助動詞 + 原形動詞。(例: can be solved → can solve)
- 5現在進行被動(is being p.p.)在主動語態中對應到現在進行主動(is + -ing)。(例: is being built → is building)
例句
Kevin broke the window yesterday.
Kevin 昨天打破了窗戶。
Anna wrote a beautiful letter to her friend.
Anna 寫了一封很美的信給她的朋友。
My mom made the cake for my birthday.
我媽媽為了我的生日做了那個蛋糕。
People speak English in many countries.
很多國家的人都說英文。
Someone cleans the office every morning.
每天早上都有人打掃辦公室。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
Kevin broke the window.
Anna sang the song.
People speak English.
Many people have read the book.
They are building the bridge.