進階 · Unit 39
被動語態 — It ~ that 子句
像 say、think、believe、know、report 這樣以 that 子句為受詞的動詞，要改成被動語態時有兩種方法。一種是以虛主詞 It 開頭的「It is + 過去分詞 + that 」句型，另一種是把 that 子句的主詞提到句首的「S + be + 過去分詞 + to 不定詞」句型。
概念說明
像 say、think、believe、know、report 這樣以 that 子句為受詞的動詞，要改成被動語態時有兩種方法。一種是以虛主詞 It 開頭的「It is + 過去分詞 + that ~」句型，另一種是把 that 子句的主詞提到句首的「S + be + 過去分詞 + to 不定詞」句型。
A. It is + 過去分詞 + that ~ 句型 — 以虛主詞 It 開頭
把整個 that 子句放在主詞的位置會太笨重，所以先在前面立一個虛主詞 It，再把 that 子句移到後面，這就是這個句型。that 子句裡的時態維持不變。
| 主動語態 | 被動語態 (It ~ that 句型) |
|---|---|
| People say that he is honest. | It is said that he is honest. |
| Everyone believes that she is smart. | It is believed that she is smart. |
| They think that the plan will work. | It is thought that the plan will work. |
| Reporters reported that the mayor resigned. | It was reported that the mayor resigned. |
- It is said that Kevin is looking for a new job. (據說凱文正在找新工作。)
- It is believed that Anna wrote this poem. (一般認為這首詩是安娜寫的。)
- It was reported that the company lost money last year. (據報導，那家公司去年虧損了。)
- It is expected that the meeting will finish by 5. (預計會議會在五點前結束。)
B. S + be + 過去分詞 + to 不定詞句型 — 把 that 子句的主詞提到前面
把 that 子句的主詞提到句子最前面，後面再接上 be + 過去分詞 + to 不定詞，意思就完全一樣。that 子句的時態和主要子句相同時用 to + 原形動詞，比主要子句更早時則用 to have + p.p.。公式是 It is said that S ~ = S is said to ~。
| It ~ that 句型 | S + be + p.p. + to 不定詞 |
|---|---|
| It is said that he is rich. | He is said to be rich. |
| It is thought that she lives alone. | She is thought to live alone. |
| It is believed that Anna wrote it. | Anna is believed to have written it. |
| It was said that he had left early. | He was said to have left early. |
- Kevin is said to be very talented. (據說凱文很有才華。)
- Anna is thought to live in Seoul now. (一般認為安娜現在住在首爾。)
- The suspect is believed to have escaped yesterday. (一般認為那名嫌犯昨天逃走了。)
- The company is expected to announce the results soon. (預計那家公司很快就會公布結果。)
C. 代表性的動詞 — say / think / believe / know / report / expect / consider
常常以 that 子句為受詞的認知類與傳達類動詞，大部分都可以直接套用在這兩種被動語態句型上。say、think、believe、know、report、expect、consider、assume 就是在新聞與正式文章中常常出現的代表性動詞。
| 動詞 | It ~ that 型 | S is ~ to 型 |
|---|---|---|
| say | It is said that ~ | S is said to ~ |
| think | It is thought that ~ | S is thought to ~ |
| believe | It is believed that ~ | S is believed to ~ |
| know | It is known that ~ | S is known to ~ |
| report | It is reported that ~ | S is reported to ~ |
| expect | It is expected that ~ | S is expected to ~ |
| consider | It is considered that ~ | S is considered to ~ |
- Kevin is known to have lived abroad for ten years. (眾所周知，凱文在國外住了十年。)
- It is considered that regular exercise is essential. (一般認為規律運動是不可或缺的。)
- Anna is expected to win the award. (預計安娜會得獎。)
- It is reported that the meeting was postponed. (據報導，會議延期了。)
重點整理
- 1像 say、think、believe、know、report、expect、consider 這樣以 that 子句為受詞的動詞，可以用 It ~ that 句型和 S is ~ to 句型這兩種被動語態來表達。(例: It is said that he is rich. = He is said to be rich.)
- 2It ~ that 句型裡 that 子句的時態，維持主動語態原句的樣子不變。(例: They say he is honest. → It is said that he is honest.)
- 3在 S is ~ to 句型中，that 子句的時態和主要子句相同時就用 to + 原形動詞，比主要子句更早時就用 to have + p.p.。(例: It is said that he was rich. → He is said to have been rich.)
- 4這兩種被動語態句型常出現在新聞報導、正式文章與發表中，是隱去消息來源、同時傳達事實的慣用說法。(例: The company is expected to announce the results soon.)
- 5It is thought / believed / considered 帶有把 that 子句裡的內容，從個人判斷提升為一般見解來傳達的語感。
例句
It is said that Kevin is very rich.
據說凱文非常有錢。
Kevin is said to be very rich.
據說凱文非常有錢。
It is believed that Anna lives in Paris.
一般認為安娜住在巴黎。
Anna is believed to live in Paris.
一般認為安娜住在巴黎。
It is thought that the plan will work.
一般認為那個計畫會成功。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
It is said that he is rich.
He is said to be rich.
It is said that Anna lives here.
Kevin is said to be rich.
Anna is believed to have lived in Paris.