심화 · Unit 36
수동태 - 4형식
4형식은 목적어가 간접목적어(사람)와 직접목적어(사물) 두 개이므로, 수동태는 어느 쪽을 주어로 삼느냐에 따라 두 가지 형태가 가능합니다. 다만 동사에 따라 두 형태가 모두 자연스러운 경우와 하나만 자연스러운 경우로 나뉩니다.
개념 설명
4형식은 목적어가 간접목적어(사람)와 직접목적어(사물) 두 개이므로, 수동태는 어느 쪽을 주어로 삼느냐에 따라 두 가지 형태가 가능합니다. 다만 동사에 따라 두 형태가 모두 자연스러운 경우와 하나만 자연스러운 경우로 나뉩니다.
A. 4형식 수동태의 두 가지 형태 — 간접목적어 주어 / 직접목적어 주어
4형식 능동태 문장은 간접목적어(사람)를 주어로 하는 수동태와 직접목적어(사물)를 주어로 하는 수동태 두 가지로 바꿀 수 있습니다. 직접목적어를 주어로 쓰면 남은 간접목적어 앞에 to 또는 for를 붙여 3형식과 같은 어순을 만듭니다.
| 능동태 | 수동태 A (간접목적어 주어) | 수동태 B (직접목적어 주어) |
|---|---|---|
| He gave her a ring. | She was given a ring. | A ring was given to her. |
| They sent me a letter. | I was sent a letter. | A letter was sent to me. |
| She showed him the photo. | He was shown the photo. | The photo was shown to him. |
- Anna was given a promotion last month. (Anna는 지난달에 승진되었어요.)
- A birthday cake was sent to my sister. (생일 케이크가 여동생에게 보내졌어요.)
- We were taught English by Mr. Kim. (우리는 김 선생님에게서 영어를 배웠어요.)
B. 두 형태 모두 가능한 동사 — give / send / show / teach / tell
give, send, show, teach, tell, offer, pay, lend 같은 대다수 수여동사는 사람·사물 어느 쪽을 주어로 삼아도 자연스러운 수동태가 됩니다. 회화에서는 사람을 주어로 하는 형태가 더 자연스럽게 들립니다. give/send/show 계열은 두 형태, make/buy/get 계열은 직접목적어만.
| 능동태 동사 | 사람 주어 | 사물 주어 |
|---|---|---|
| give | She was given a book. | A book was given to her. |
| send | I was sent an email. | An email was sent to me. |
| show | He was shown the map. | The map was shown to him. |
| teach | We were taught math. | Math was taught to us. |
| tell | They were told the truth. | The truth was told to them. |
- Kevin was offered a new position. (Kevin은 새 직책을 제안받았어요.)
- The message was sent to all employees. (그 메시지는 모든 직원에게 보내졌어요.)
- The children were told to be quiet. (아이들은 조용히 하라는 말을 들었어요.)
- A discount was given to loyal customers. (할인이 단골 고객에게 제공되었어요.)
C. 직접목적어만 주어로 쓰는 동사 — make / buy / get / find / cook
make, buy, get, find, cook, build, choose 등은 사람을 주어로 하는 수동태가 어색하므로 사물(직접목적어)을 주어로 삼습니다. 이때 남은 간접목적어 앞에는 대개 for를 씁니다.
| 능동태 | O 자연스러운 수동태 | X 어색한 수동태 |
|---|---|---|
| He bought me a book. | A book was bought for me. | I was bought a book. |
| She made him a cake. | A cake was made for him. | He was made a cake. |
| Mom cooked us dinner. | Dinner was cooked for us. | We were cooked dinner. |
| Dad got her a gift. | A gift was got for her. | She was got a gift. |
- A new bicycle was bought for my son. (새 자전거가 아들에게 구입되었어요.)
- Delicious pasta was cooked for the guests. (맛있는 파스타가 손님들을 위해 요리되었어요.)
- A perfect present was found for Anna. (완벽한 선물이 Anna를 위해 발견되었어요.)
- The house was built for our family. (그 집은 우리 가족을 위해 지어졌어요.)
핵심 포인트
- 14형식은 목적어가 두 개이므로 원칙적으로 두 개의 수동태 문장이 만들어질 수 있습니다. (예: He gave her a ring. → She was given a ring. / A ring was given to her.)
- 2give / send / show / teach / tell / offer 계열은 사람을 주어로 하는 수동태가 회화에서 훨씬 자연스럽습니다. (예: Kevin was offered a new job.)
- 3make / buy / get / find / cook / build 계열은 사람을 주어로 한 수동태가 어색해서 사물을 주어로 씁니다. (예: A cake was made for him. / X: He was made a cake.)
- 4직접목적어를 주어로 삼을 때 남은 간접목적어 앞의 전치사는 give·send·show·teach·tell 계열은 to, make·buy·get·cook 계열은 for를 씁니다. (예: A book was given to her. / A cake was made for him.)
- 5한국어 '~에게 ~을 받았다·주어졌다·보내졌다'가 그대로 4형식 수동태로 옮겨집니다.
예문
She was given a beautiful ring by her fiance.
그녀는 약혼자에게 아름다운 반지를 받았어요.
A promotion was given to Anna last month.
지난달에 승진이 Anna에게 주어졌어요.
I was sent an email about the meeting.
저는 회의에 관한 이메일을 받았어요.
The letter was sent to the wrong address.
그 편지는 잘못된 주소로 보내졌어요.
We were shown the new office by our manager.
우리는 매니저에게 새 사무실을 안내받았어요.
이 유닛에는 예문이 더 있습니다. 가입하면 전체를 듣고 볼 수 있어요.
이렇게 틀리기 쉬워요
A cake was made for him by his mom.
A ring was given to her by him.
A new bike was bought for me.
A letter was sent to her.
Dinner was cooked for us.