進階 · Unit 36
被動語態 — 第四句型
第四句型有間接受詞(人)和直接受詞(事物)兩個受詞，所以被動語態會依照拿哪一個當主詞，而有兩種形式。不過依動詞不同，有的兩種形式都自然，有的只有一種自然。
概念說明
第四句型有間接受詞(人)和直接受詞(事物)兩個受詞，所以被動語態會依照拿哪一個當主詞，而有兩種形式。不過依動詞不同，有的兩種形式都自然，有的只有一種自然。
A. 第四句型被動語態的兩種形式 — 間接受詞當主詞 / 直接受詞當主詞
第四句型的主動語態句子，可以改成用間接受詞(人)當主詞的被動語態，和用直接受詞(事物)當主詞的被動語態這兩種。用直接受詞當主詞時，在剩下的間接受詞前面加上 to 或 for，做成和第三句型一樣的語序。
| 主動語態 | 被動語態 A (間接受詞當主詞) | 被動語態 B (直接受詞當主詞) |
|---|---|---|
| He gave her a ring. | She was given a ring. | A ring was given to her. |
| They sent me a letter. | I was sent a letter. | A letter was sent to me. |
| She showed him the photo. | He was shown the photo. | The photo was shown to him. |
- Anna was given a promotion last month. (安娜上個月獲得了升遷。)
- A birthday cake was sent to my sister. (一個生日蛋糕被送到我妹妹那裡。)
- We were taught English by Mr. Kim. (我們的英文是金老師教的。)
B. 兩種形式都可以的動詞 — give / send / show / teach / tell
give, send, show, teach, tell, offer, pay, lend 這類大多數的授與動詞，不管拿人還是事物當主詞，都能成為自然的被動語態。會話中以人當主詞的形式聽起來更自然。give/send/show 這類有兩種形式，make/buy/get 這類只能用直接受詞。
| 主動語態的動詞 | 人當主詞 | 事物當主詞 |
|---|---|---|
| give | She was given a book. | A book was given to her. |
| send | I was sent an email. | An email was sent to me. |
| show | He was shown the map. | The map was shown to him. |
| teach | We were taught math. | Math was taught to us. |
| tell | They were told the truth. | The truth was told to them. |
- Kevin was offered a new position. (凱文獲得了一個新職位的邀約。)
- The message was sent to all employees. (那則訊息被發送給全體員工。)
- The children were told to be quiet. (孩子們被告知要安靜。)
- A discount was given to loyal customers. (折扣提供給了忠實顧客。)
C. 只用直接受詞當主詞的動詞 — make / buy / get / find / cook
make, buy, get, find, cook, build, choose 等等，用人當主詞的被動語態很不自然，所以要拿事物(直接受詞)當主詞。這時剩下的間接受詞前面大多用 for。
| 主動語態 | O 自然的被動語態 | X 不自然的被動語態 |
|---|---|---|
| He bought me a book. | A book was bought for me. | I was bought a book. |
| She made him a cake. | A cake was made for him. | He was made a cake. |
| Mom cooked us dinner. | Dinner was cooked for us. | We were cooked dinner. |
| Dad got her a gift. | A gift was got for her. | She was got a gift. |
- A new bicycle was bought for my son. (一輛新腳踏車是為我兒子買的。)
- Delicious pasta was cooked for the guests. (美味的義大利麵是為客人做的。)
- A perfect present was found for Anna. (為安娜找到了一份完美的禮物。)
- The house was built for our family. (那棟房子是為我們家蓋的。)
重點整理
- 1第四句型有兩個受詞，所以原則上可以做出兩個被動語態的句子。(例: He gave her a ring. → She was given a ring. / A ring was given to her.)
- 2give / send / show / teach / tell / offer 這一類，用人當主詞的被動語態在會話中自然得多。(例: Kevin was offered a new job.)
- 3make / buy / get / find / cook / build 這一類，用人當主詞的被動語態很不自然，所以用事物當主詞。(例: A cake was made for him. / X: He was made a cake.)
- 4用直接受詞當主詞時，剩下的間接受詞前面的介系詞，give·send·show·teach·tell 這類用 to，make·buy·get·cook 這類用 for。(例: A book was given to her. / A cake was made for him.)
- 5中文常用「收到、拿到、被送來」這類說法表達的內容，在英語裡就是第四句型的被動語態。
例句
She was given a beautiful ring by her fiance.
她從未婚夫那裡收到一枚美麗的戒指。
A promotion was given to Anna last month.
上個月安娜獲得了升遷。
I was sent an email about the meeting.
我收到一封關於會議的電子郵件。
The letter was sent to the wrong address.
那封信被寄到了錯的地址。
We were shown the new office by our manager.
我們的經理帶我們看了新辦公室。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
A cake was made for him by his mom.
A ring was given to her by him.
A new bike was bought for me.
A letter was sent to her.
Dinner was cooked for us.