進階 · Unit 78
假設語氣 — as if 假設語氣過去式 / 過去完成式
as if / as though 的意思是「彷彿一樣」，會把後面子句的動詞往後推一個時態，用來表達和事實不符的比喻。與現在事實相反用過去式動詞，與過去事實相反用 had + 過去分詞。
概念說明
as if / as though 的意思是「彷彿~一樣」，會把後面子句的動詞往後推一個時態，用來表達和事實不符的比喻。與現在事實相反用過去式動詞，與過去事實相反用 had + 過去分詞。
A. as if + 過去式動詞 — 與現在事實相反的比喻
要把現在實際上並非如此的狀況說成「彷彿~一樣」時，as if / as though 後面要用過去式動詞。公式是 as if + 主詞 + 過去式動詞 = 與現在事實相反。be 動詞在正式文體中不分人稱，一律用 were。
| 主要子句時態 | as if 後面的動詞 | 實際狀況 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在 (talks / looks) | 過去式動詞 (were / knew) | 與現在事實相反 |
| He talks | as if he were rich | 實際上並不富有 |
| She looks | as if she knew the answer | 實際上並不知道 |
| You sound | as though you were tired | 實際上並不累 |
- He speaks English as if he were a native. (他英文說得彷彿是母語人士一樣。)
- She looks as if she knew the secret. (她看起來彷彿知道那個祕密一樣。)
- The child cries as though he were in pain. (那個孩子哭得彷彿很痛一樣。)
- It sounds as if you didn't like the plan. (聽起來你好像不喜歡那個計畫。)
B. as if + had + 過去分詞 — 與過去事實相反的比喻
要說得好像過去發生過與事實不同的事情時，as if / as though 後面要用 had + 過去分詞的形態。公式是 as if + 主詞 + had + 過去分詞 = 與過去事實相反。
| 主要子句時態 | as if 後面的動詞 | 實際狀況 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在 (looks / talks) | had + 過去分詞 (had seen / had done) | 與過去事實相反 |
| She looks | as if she had seen a ghost | 實際上並沒有看到 |
| He talks | as if he had lived in Paris | 實際上並沒有住過 |
| They act | as though they had known us | 實際上並不認識 |
- She looks as if she had cried all night. (她看起來彷彿哭了一整晚一樣。)
- He talks as though he had met the president. (他講得彷彿見過總統一樣。)
- They act as if they had finished the project. (他們表現得彷彿已經完成專案一樣。)
- I feel as if I had run a marathon. (我覺得自己彷彿跑了一場馬拉松。)
C. 兩種時態的比較 — 現在不是，還是當時不是
as if 後面的時態決定了「和什麼時候的事實相反」。過去式動詞是「現在不是這樣」，had + 過去分詞是「當時不是那樣」。
| 形態 | 意思 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| as if + 過去式動詞 | 彷彿現在是~ (其實不是) | He talks as if he were rich. |
| as if + had p.p. | 彷彿當時是~ (其實當時不是) | He talks as if he had been rich. |
| 主要子句過去 + 過去 | 彷彿當時是~ (同一個時間點) | He talked as if he were sick. |
| 主要子句過去 + had p.p. | 彷彿在那之前就是~ | He talked as if he had seen it. |
- He acts as if he owned the place. (他表現得彷彿自己是這裡的主人一樣。)
- He acts as if he had owned the place. (他表現得彷彿自己以前是這裡的主人一樣。)
- She smiled as if she knew everything. (她笑得彷彿什麼都知道一樣。)
- She smiled as if she had known everything. (她笑得彷彿早就什麼都知道了一樣。)
重點整理
- 1as if / as though 後面的時態要比主要子句往後推一個時態。(例: He talks as if he were rich.)
- 2與現在事實相反用過去式動詞，與過去事實相反用 had + 過去分詞。(例: as if he knew / as if he had known)
- 3as if 後面的 be 動詞在正式文體中不分主詞，原則上一律用 were，不過會話中也常用 was。(例: as if he were / as if he was)
- 4as if 和 as though 的意思與文法完全相同，可以互相替換。(例: as if he knew = as though he knew)
- 5如果 as if 後面的狀況實際上有可能成立，也可以用直說語氣(現在式、現在完成式)。(例: It looks as if it is going to rain.)
例句
He talks as if he were a doctor.
他說話的樣子彷彿自己是醫生一樣。
She looks as if she knew the answer.
她看起來彷彿知道答案一樣。
You sound as though you were tired.
你講話的樣子彷彿很累一樣。
It feels as if it were winter already.
感覺彷彿已經是冬天了。
He speaks English as if he were a native.
他英文說得彷彿是母語人士一樣。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
He talks as if he were rich.
She looks as if she had seen a ghost.
He acts as if he had won the lottery.
I feel as if I had run a marathon.
He speaks as if he were a native.