Cakap pindah - ayat penyata
Cakap ajuk memindahkan kata orang lain sebagaimana adanya di dalam tanda petikan(" "), manakala cakap pindah menceritakan semula kata itu di dalam ayat kita sendiri.
Penerangan
Cakap ajuk memindahkan kata orang lain sebagaimana adanya di dalam tanda petikan(" "), manakala cakap pindah menceritakan semula kata itu di dalam ayat kita sendiri. Apabila ayat penyata ditukar kepada cakap pindah, tanda petikan dan koma digugurkan, kata hubung that dimasukkan, kemudian orang, kala, serta ungkapan masa dan tempat diselaraskan mengikut konteks.
A. Lima langkah menukar ayat penyata
Apabila ayat penyata ditukar kepada cakap pindah, lima langkah dikenakan mengikut susunan: gugurkan tanda petikan dan koma → tambah kata hubung that → selaraskan orang → anjakkan kala satu tingkat ke belakang → selaraskan kata keterangan masa dan tempat. cakap ajuk → cakap pindah: kala anjak ke belakang. that kerap digugurkan dalam perbualan.
| Langkah | Peraturan | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gugurkan tanda petikan dan koma | He said, "..." → He said |
| 2 | Tambah kata hubung that (boleh digugurkan) | He said that ... |
| 3 | Selaraskan orang (I → he/she) | "I am ..." → he was ... |
| 4 | Anjakkan kala satu tingkat ke belakang | am → was, will → would |
| 5 | Selaraskan kata keterangan masa dan tempat | now → then, here → there |
- He said, "I am tired." → He said that he was tired. (Dia berkata bahawa dia penat.)
- She said, "I have finished it." → She said that she had finished it. (Dia berkata bahawa dia telah menyiapkannya.)
- Kevin said, "I will help you." → Kevin said that he would help me. (Kevin berkata bahawa dia akan membantu saya.)
B. Selaras kala — anjak satu tingkat ke belakang
Apabila kata kerja pelapor berbentuk lampau seperti said dan told, kala di dalam petikan dianjakkan satu tingkat ke belakang. Dalam bahasa Melayu kata kerja sama sekali tidak berubah apabila kata orang lain diceritakan semula, tetapi dalam bahasa Inggeris kala kini bertukar menjadi lampau, lampau menjadi lampau sempurna dan will menjadi would; peraturan inilah yang dinamakan anjakan kala ke belakang(backshift).
| Cakap ajuk | Cakap pindah |
|---|---|
| am / is / are | was / were |
| Kini (kata kerja biasa) | lampau (works → worked) |
| Lampau | lampau sempurna (worked → had worked) |
| Kini sempurna (have p.p.) | lampau sempurna (had p.p.) |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to |
- She said, "I am a teacher." → She said she was a teacher. (Dia berkata bahawa dia seorang guru.)
- He said, "I work late." → He said he worked late. (Dia berkata bahawa dia bekerja sehingga lewat.)
- Anna said, "I have seen that movie." → Anna said she had seen that movie. (Anna berkata bahawa dia telah menonton filem itu.)
- Tom said, "I can swim." → Tom said he could swim. (Tom berkata bahawa dia boleh berenang.)
C. Selaras kata keterangan masa dan tempat
Dalam cakap pindah, rujukan 'sekarang dan di sini' berpindah daripada penutur asal kepada orang yang melaporkan, jadi ungkapan seperti now, today, here, this, tomorrow dan yesterday turut ditukar mengikut konteks.
| Cakap ajuk | Cakap pindah |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| here | there |
| this / these | that / those |
| ago | before |
- He said, "I am busy now." → He said he was busy then. (Dia berkata bahawa dia sibuk ketika itu.)
- She said, "I saw him yesterday." → She said she had seen him the day before. (Dia berkata bahawa dia telah melihatnya sehari sebelum itu.)
- Tom said, "I will come tomorrow." → Tom said he would come the next day. (Tom berkata bahawa dia akan datang pada hari berikutnya.)
- Anna said, "I like this book." → Anna said she liked that book. (Anna berkata bahawa dia suka buku itu.)
Perkara penting
- 1Lima langkah penukaran ayat penyata dikenakan mengikut susunan ini: gugurkan tanda petikan → tambah that → selaraskan orang → anjakkan kala satu tingkat ke belakang → selaraskan kata keterangan masa dan tempat. (Contoh: He said, "I am busy." → He said that he was busy.)
- 2Apabila kata kerja pelapor berbentuk lampau, kala kini dalam petikan bertukar menjadi lampau, lampau menjadi lampau sempurna, manakala will, can dan may bertukar menjadi would, could dan might. (Contoh: "I will come." → he would come.)
- 3Kata hubung that kerap digugurkan dalam perbualan, dan ayat itu tetap wajar dari segi tatabahasa walaupun ia digugurkan. (Contoh: He said (that) he was tired.)
- 4Oleh sebab rujukan sekarang dan di sini berpindah daripada penutur asal kepada orang yang melaporkan, now → then, here → there, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day dan yesterday → the day before turut diselaraskan bersama.
- 5Apabila anda melaporkan hakikat yang tidak berubah atau fakta yang masih sah sekarang, kalanya lebih wajar dikekalkan. (Contoh: He said the earth is round.)