進階 · Unit 84
間接引述 — 直述句的轉換
直接引述是把對方說的話用引號(" ")原封不動地引用過來，間接引述則是在自己的句子裡把那句話重新敘述一遍。把直述句改成間接引述時，要拿掉引號和逗號、加上連接詞 that，再把人稱、時態、時間與地點的說法配合語境調整。
概念說明
直接引述是把對方說的話用引號(" ")原封不動地引用過來，間接引述則是在自己的句子裡把那句話重新敘述一遍。把直述句改成間接引述時，要拿掉引號和逗號、加上連接詞 that，再把人稱、時態、時間與地點的說法配合語境調整。
A. 直述句轉換的五個步驟
把直述句改成間接引述時，要依序套用五個步驟: 刪掉引號和逗號 → 加上連接詞 that → 調整人稱 → 時態往後推一階 → 調整時間與地點副詞。直接引述 → 間接引述: 時態往後推一階。that 在會話中經常省略。
| 步驟 | 規則 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 刪掉引號和逗號 | He said, "..." → He said |
| 2 | 加上連接詞 that (可省略) | He said that ... |
| 3 | 調整人稱 (I → he/she) | "I am ..." → he was ... |
| 4 | 時態往後推一階 | am → was, will → would |
| 5 | 調整時間與地點副詞 | now → then, here → there |
- He said, "I am tired." → He said that he was tired. (他說他很累。)
- She said, "I have finished it." → She said that she had finished it. (她說她已經完成了。)
- Kevin said, "I will help you." → Kevin said that he would help me. (凱文說他會幫我。)
B. 時態調整 — 往後推一階
當引述動詞是 said、told 這種過去式時，引用句裡的時態要往後推一階。現在變過去、過去變過去完成、will 變 would，這條規則叫做時態的回推(backshift)。
| 直接引述 | 間接引述 |
|---|---|
| am / is / are | was / were |
| 現在 (一般動詞) | 過去 (works → worked) |
| 過去 | 過去完成 (worked → had worked) |
| 現在完成 (have p.p.) | 過去完成 (had p.p.) |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must | had to |
- She said, "I am a teacher." → She said she was a teacher. (她說她是老師。)
- He said, "I work late." → He said he worked late. (他說他工作到很晚。)
- Anna said, "I have seen that movie." → Anna said she had seen that movie. (安娜說她看過那部電影。)
- Tom said, "I can swim." → Tom said he could swim. (湯姆說他會游泳。)
C. 時間與地點副詞的調整
在間接引述裡，「現在、這裡」的基準會從說話者移到轉述者身上，所以 now, today, here, this, tomorrow, yesterday 這類說法也要配合語境改掉。
| 直接引述 | 間接引述 |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tonight | that night |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before / the previous day |
| here | there |
| this / these | that / those |
| ago | before |
- He said, "I am busy now." → He said he was busy then. (他說他當時很忙。)
- She said, "I saw him yesterday." → She said she had seen him the day before. (她說她前一天看到他。)
- Tom said, "I will come tomorrow." → Tom said he would come the next day. (湯姆說他隔天會來。)
- Anna said, "I like this book." → Anna said she liked that book. (安娜說她喜歡那本書。)
重點整理
- 1直述句轉換的五個步驟，依序是刪掉引號 → 加上 that → 調整人稱 → 時態往後推一階 → 調整時間與地點副詞。(例: He said, "I am busy." → He said that he was busy.)
- 2引述動詞是過去式時，引用句裡的現在會變成過去、過去會變成過去完成，will、can、may 會變成 would、could、might。(例: "I will come." → he would come.)
- 3連接詞 that 在會話中經常省略，省略了在文法上也很自然。(例: He said (that) he was tired.)
- 4因為「現在、這裡」的基準從說話者換成了轉述者，所以 now → then、here → there、today → that day、tomorrow → the next day、yesterday → the day before 也要一起調整。
- 5要轉述不變的真理或現在仍然成立的事實時，時態維持原樣才自然。(例: He said the earth is round.)
例句
He said (that) he was tired.
他說他很累。
She said (that) she liked the movie.
她說她喜歡那部電影。
Tom said (that) he was studying English.
湯姆說他當時正在學英文。
Anna said (that) she had finished the report.
安娜說她已經完成了報告。
He said (that) he would call me later.
他說他晚點會打電話給我。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
He said that he was busy.
She said that she would call me.
Tom said that he was tired.
Anna said she had seen him the day before.
He said he was busy then.