進階 · Unit 60
關係詞 — 關係代名詞的非限定用法
在關係代名詞前面放逗號的非限定用法，不是限定先行詞，而是為已經確定的先行詞補充額外資訊。有沒有逗號，意思會差很多。
概念說明
在關係代名詞前面放逗號的非限定用法，不是限定先行詞，而是為已經確定的先行詞補充額外資訊。有沒有逗號，意思會差很多。
A. 限定 vs 非限定 — 一個逗號的差別
沒有逗號的限定用法會縮小先行詞的範圍，區別出是哪一個對象；有逗號的非限定用法則是為已經確定的先行詞補充額外資訊。請記住 ,who / ,which (一定要逗號) — 不能用 that·what 這個形式規則。
| 形式 | 意思 | 語感 |
|---|---|---|
| I have two sisters who live in Seoul. | 有兩個住在首爾的姊妹 | 可能還有別的姊妹 (限定) |
| I have two sisters, who live in Seoul. | 有兩個姊妹，兩個都住在首爾 | 姊妹總共 2 人 (非限定) |
| The students who studied hard passed. | 只有努力的學生通過 | 只有一部分 (限定) |
| The students, who studied hard, all passed. | 學生全都很努力，也全都通過 | 全體 (非限定) |
- I have two sisters who live in Seoul. (我有兩個住在首爾的姊妹。)
- I have two sisters, who live in Seoul. (我有兩個姊妹，兩個都住在首爾。)
- The students who studied hard passed. (努力唸書的學生通過了。)
- The students, who studied hard, all passed. (學生們都很努力唸書，也全都通過了。)
B. , which + 子句 — 承接前面整個句子
非限定用法的 which 不只能承接前面一個名詞，還能把前面整個句子或子句當成先行詞，意思接近「那件事、那個」。這時候逗號絕對不能漏掉。
| 句子 | which 承接的對象 |
|---|---|
| She passed the exam, which made her parents happy. | 前面整個句子 (她通過考試這件事) |
| He was late, which annoyed the manager. | 他遲到這件事 |
| It rained all day, which ruined our picnic. | 下了一整天雨這件事 |
- He forgot my birthday, which hurt my feelings. (他忘了我的生日，這件事讓我很難過。)
- She smiled at me, which made my day. (她對我微笑，這件事讓我一整天心情都很好。)
- The train was delayed, which made us miss the meeting. (火車誤點了，這件事害我們錯過會議。)
- Tom cooked dinner, which surprised everyone. (湯姆做了晚餐，這件事讓大家都很驚訝。)
C. that·what 不能用於非限定用法
關係代名詞 that 和 what 不能用在非限定用法，逗號後面一定只能接 who·which·whose·whom。that 縮小並限定先行詞的性質很強，和非限定用法不搭。
| 關係代名詞 | 限定 | 非限定 (逗號後) |
|---|---|---|
| who | O | O (人) |
| which | O | O (事物、句子) |
| whose | O | O (所有) |
| that | O | X |
| what | X (含先行詞) | X |
- Anna, who speaks four languages, is my colleague. (安娜會說四國語言，她是我的同事。)
- This laptop, which I bought last year, still works well. (我去年買的這台筆記型電腦，到現在還很好用。)
- Kevin, whose car broke down, took a taxi. (凱文的車拋錨了，所以他搭了計程車。)
- My friend Julia, whom you met yesterday, is a designer. (你昨天見到的我朋友茱莉亞，是一位設計師。)
重點整理
- 1非限定用法是在關係代名詞前面放逗號，為已經確定的先行詞補充額外資訊，在會話中會用稍微停頓的語調來表現，請培養這個語感。(例: My father, who lives in Busan, is a doctor)
- 2限定用法會縮小並確定先行詞，非限定用法只是為已經確定的對象補充資訊，兩者意思差很多，請留意這一點。(I have two sisters who ~ vs. I have two sisters, who ~)
- 3非限定用法的 which 不只承接前面的名詞，還能承接前面整個句子，意思是「那件事、那個」，請把這個特殊用法記起來。(例: She was late, which annoyed us)
- 4關係代名詞 that 和 what 不能用在非限定用法，逗號後面只能接 who·which·whose·whom，請遵守這個規則。(X: My father, that lives in Busan)
- 5中文裡用「…，而…」「…，這件事…」這種接在後面的補充說明，可以自然地換成非限定用法，請培養這個語感。
例句
My father, who lives in Busan, is a dentist.
我父親住在釜山，他是牙醫。
Anna, who works in Tokyo, called me yesterday.
在東京工作的安娜昨天打電話給我。
I visited Kyoto, which is famous for its temples.
我去了以寺廟聞名的京都。
This laptop, which I bought last year, still works well.
我去年買的這台筆記型電腦，到現在還很好用。
She lost her keys, which made her late.
她弄丟了鑰匙，這件事讓她遲到了。
這個單元還有更多例句。註冊後可以看完整內容並聆聽發音。
容易犯的錯誤
Anna, who speaks four languages, is my colleague.
She was late, which annoyed us.
I visited Kyoto, which is famous for its temples.
The train was delayed, which ruined our plans.
My father, who lives in Busan, is a doctor.